tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27224338697775119432023-11-15T05:48:44.642-08:00INDO-DEFENSE BLOGUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-51441044127053150772011-08-29T20:57:00.001-07:002011-08-29T20:57:56.468-07:00STARGATE<h1>STAR GATE </h1>STAR GATE was one of a number of "remote viewing programs" conducted under a variety of code names, including SUN STREAK, GRILL FLAME, and CENTER LANE by DIA and INSCOM, and SCANATE by CIA. These efforts were initiated to assess foreign programs in the field; contract for basic research into the the phenomenon; and to evaluate controlled remote viewing as an intelligence tool. The program consisted of two separate activities. An operational unit employed remote viewers to train and perform remote viewing intelligence-gathering. The research program was maintained separately from the operational unit. <br />
This effort was initiated in response to CIA concerns about reported Soviets investigations of psychic phenomena. Between 1969 and 1971, US intelligence sources concluded that the Soviet Union was engaged in "psychotronic" research. By 1970, it was suggested that the Soviets were spending approximately 60 million rubles per year on it, and over 300 million by 1975. The money and personnel devoted to Soviet psychotronics suggested that they had achieved breakthroughs, even though the matter was considered speculative, controversial and "fringy." <br />
The initial research program, called SCANATE [scan by coordinate] was funded by CIA beginning in 1970. Remote viewing research began in 1972 at the Stanford Research Institute [SRI] in Menlo Park, CA. This work was conducted by Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, once with the NSA and at the time a Scientologist. The effort initially focused on a few "gifted individuals" such as New York artist Ingo Swann, an OT Level VII Scientologist. Many of the SRI "empaths" were from the Church of Scientology. Individuals who appeared to show potential were trained and taught to use talents for "psychic warfare." The minimum accuracy needed by the clients was said to be 65%, and proponents claim that in the later stages of the training effort, this accuracy level was "often consistently exceeded." <br />
GONDOLA WISH was a 1977 Army Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) Systems Exploitation Detachment (SED) effort to evaluate potential adversary applications of remote viewing. <br />
Building on GONDOLA WISH, an operational collection project was formalized under Army intelligence as GRILL FLAME in mid-1978. Located in buildings 2560 and 2561 at Fort Meade, MD, GRILL FLAME, (INSCOM "Detachment G") consisted of soldiers and a few civilians who were believed to possess varying degrees of natural psychic ability. The SRI research program was integrated into GRILL FLAME in early 1979, and hundreds of remote viewing experiments were carried out at SRI through 1986. <br />
In 1983 the program was re-designated the INSCOM CENTER LANE Project (ICLP). Ingo Swann and Harold Puthoff at SRI developed a set of instructions which theoretically allowed anyone to be trained to produce accurate, detailed target data. used this new collection methodology against a wide range of operational and training targets. The existence of this highly classified program was reported by columnist Jack Anderson in April 1984. <br />
In 1984 the National Academy of Sciences' National Research Council evaluated the remote viewing program for the Army Research Institute. The results were unfavorable. <br />
When Army funding ended in late 1985, the unit was redesignated SUN STREAK and transferred to DIA's Scientific and Technical Intelligence Directorate, with the office code DT-S. <br />
Under the auspices of the DIA, the program transitioned to Science Applications International Corporation [SAIC] in 1991 and was renamed STAR GATE. The project, changed from a SAP (Special Access Program) to a LIMDIS (limited dissemination) program, continued with the participation of Edwin May, who presided over 70% of the total contractor budget and 85% of the program's data collection. <br />
Over a period of more than two decades some $20 million were spent on STAR GATE and related activities, with $11 million budgeted from the mid-1980's to the early 1990s. Over forty personnel served in the program at various times, including about 23 remote viewers. At its peak during the mid-1980s the program included as many as seven full-time viewers and as many analytical and support personnel. Three psychics were reportedly worked at FT Meade for the CIA from 1990 through July 1995. The psychics were made available to other government agencies which requested their services. <br />
Participants who apparently demonstrated psychic abilities used at least three different techniques various times: <br />
<ul><li><i>Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV)</i> - the original SRI-developed technique in which viewers were asked what they "saw" at specified geographic coordinates </li>
<li><i>Extended Remote Viewing (ERV)</i> - a hybrid relaxation/meditative-based method </li>
<li><i>Written Remote Viewing (WRV)</i> - a hybrid of both channeling and automatic writing was introduced in 1988, though it proved controversial and was regarded by some as much less reliable. </li>
</ul>By 1995 the program had conducted several hundred intelligence collection projects involving thousands of remote viewing sessions. Notable successes were said to be "eight martini" results, so-called because the remote viewing data were so mind-boggling that everyone has to go out and drink eight martinis to recover. Reported intelligence gathering successes included: <br />
<ul><li>Joe McMoneagle, a retired Special Project Intelligence Officer for SSPD, SSD, and 902d MI Group, claims to have left Stargate in 1984 with a Legion of Merit Award for providing information on 150 targets that were unavailable from other sources. </li>
<li>In 1974 one remote viewer appeared to have correctly described an airfield with a large gantry and crane at one end of the field. The airfield at the given map coordinates was the Soviet nuclear testing area at Semipalatinsk -- a possible underground nuclear testing site [PNUTS]. In general, however, most of the receiver's data were incorrect or could not be evaluated. </li>
<li>A "remote viewer" was tasked to locate a Soviet Tu-95 bomber which had crashed somewhere in Africa, which he allegedly did within several miles of the actual wreckage. </li>
<li> In September 1979 the National Security Council staff asked about a Soviet submarine under construction. The remote viewer reported that a very large, new submarine with 18-20 missile launch tubes and a "large flat area" at the aft end would be launched in 100 days. Two subs, one with 24 launch tubes and the other with 20 launch tubes and a large flat aft deck, were reportedly sighted in 120 days. </li>
<li>One assignment included locating kidnapped BG James L. Dozier, who had been kidnapped by the Red Brigades in Italy in 1981. He was freed by Italian police after 42 days, apparently without help from the psychics. [according to news reports, Italian police were assisted by "US State and Defense Department specialists" using electronic surveillance equipment, an apparent reference to the Special Collection Service] </li>
<li> Another assignment included trying to hunt down Gadhafi before the 1986 bombing of Libya, but Gadhafi was not injured in the bombing. </li>
<li>In February 1988 DIA asked where Marine Corps COL William Higgins was being held in Lebanon. A remote viwer stated that Higgins was in a specific building in a specific South Lebanon village, and a released hostage later said to have claimed that Higgins had probably been in that building at that time. </li>
<li>In January 1989 DOD was said to have asked about Libyan chemical weapons work. A remote viewer reported that ship named either <i>Patua</i> or <i>Potua</i> would sail from Tripoli to transport chemicals to an eastern Libyan port. Reportedly, a ship named <i>Batato</i> loaded an undetermined cargo in Tripoli and brought to an eastern Libyan port. </li>
<li>Reportedly a remote-viewer "saw" that a KGB colonel caught spying in South Africa had been smuggling information using a pocket calculator containing a communications device. It is said that questioniong along these lines by South African intelligence led the spy to cooperate. </li>
<li>During the Gulf War remote-viewers were reported to have suggested the whereabouts of Iraq's Saddam Hussein, though there was never an independent verification of this finding. </li>
<li>The unit was tasked to find plutonium in North Korea in 1994, apparently without notable success. </li>
<li> Remote viewers were also said to have helped find SCUD missiles and secret biological and chemical warfare projects, and to have located and identified the purposes of tunnels and extensive underground facilities. </li>
</ul>The US program was sustained through the support of Sen. Claiborne Pell, D-R.I., and Rep. Charles Rose, D-N.C., who were convinced of the program's effectiveness. However, by the early 1990s the program was plagued by uneven management, poor unit morale, divisiveness within the organization, poor performance, and few accurate results. The FY 1995 Defense Appropriations bill directed that the program be transferred to CIA, with CIA instructed to conduct a retrospective review of the program. In 1995 the American Institutes for Research (AIR) was contracted by CIA to evaluate the program. Their 29 September 1995 <a href="http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/air1995.pdf">final report</a> was released to the public 28 November 1995. A positive assessment by statistician Jessica Utts, that a statistically significant effect had been demonstrated in the laboratory [the government psychics were said to be accurate about 15 percent of the time], was offset by a negative one by psychologist Ray Hyman [a prominent CSICOP psychic debunker]. The final recommendation by AIR was to terminate the STAR GATE effort. CIA concluded that there was no case in which ESP had provided data used to guide intelligence operations. Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-90372073477970047772011-08-29T20:55:00.000-07:002011-08-29T20:55:43.179-07:00SPACE BASED SURVEILLANCE AND RECONAISSANCE<h1> SPACE SURVEILLANCE</h1>Over the past 35 years the United States has deployed a wide range of systems for monitoring the space activities of other countries.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_1_"><sup>(1)</sup></a> For the most part, the primary mission of these sensors has been to provide warning of strategic missile attack. But the growing number of satellites in orbit has increased the requirement to keep track of new launches and impending decays of satellites, in order to avoid confusing these events with hostile missile launches. In addition, the increasing importance of military space operations has made the tracking and characterization of space systems a significant mission in its own right. <br />
Satellite tracking systems, both optical and radar, are among the most sophisticated and expensive military sensor technologies. Spacetrack radars typically have ranges and sensitivities ten to a hundred times greater than radars for tracking aircraft or surface targets. And optical tracking systems use telescopes that rival all but the largest civilian astronomical observatories. A modest satellite tracking radar or telescope typically costs a few tens of millions of dollars, while the more elaborate radars can cost well in excess of $100 million. <br />
The earliest, and still the least expensive, form of satellite tracking systems rely on sun light reflected off a spacecraft. Visible against the pre-dawn or post-dusk sky, the largest low orbiting spacecraft, such as space stations or imaging intelligence satellites, are of magnitude 0, comparable to the brighter stars in the sky, and many other low-orbiting satellites are visible to the unaided observer.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_2_"><sup>(2)</sup></a> Even satellites at geosynchronous altitudes are visible with relative modest optics, under optimal lighting conditions.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_3_"><sup>(3)</sup></a> <br />
The capabilities of telescopes to observe satellites is primarily a function of the aperture of the primary optical surface of the telescope, as well as the properties of the means used to form the image. Telescopes with mirrors up to four meters in diameter have been used for satellite tracking, while telescopes with meters in excess of eight meters in diameter are used for astronomical applications. Initially, satellite tracking cameras used film systems, but more recently electronic charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have replaced film systems. CCDs provide an instantaneous read-out of the image, avoiding the time-consuming processing required by film systems. These electronic cameras have enabled scientific telescopes of modest apertures of a few meters to obtain recognizable images of large spacecraft in low orbits.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_4_"><sup>(4)</sup></a> <br />
The primary limitation on the resolution of ground-based optical sensors is the turbulence of the Earth's atmosphere. Recently, two new techniques have been introduced to overcome these limitations. Speckle imaging techniques take advantage of the short exposure time of CCDs to produce images of targets with exposure times that are shorter than the time scale of the fluctuations in the Earth's atmosphere, effectively freezing the effects of atmospheric turbulence. Electronically superimposing a number of such images produces a picture of a satellite whose resolution is limited by the capabilities of the telescope itself.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_5_"><sup>(5)</sup></a> <br />
Several other developments in recent years have opened the prospect for greatly improved optical imaging capabilities at significantly reduced costs. New techniques for casting thin mirrors have led to a revolution in optical astronomy, with monolithic mirrors as large as eight meters being produced at significantly lower cost than the four meter mirror that were previously the astronomical standard. Improved construction and control techniques have permitted fabrication of single-aperture telescopes with apertures of up to ten meters. And new aperture synthesis signal processing techniques have permitted the combination of images from multiple apertures to form images that are the equivalent of telescopes with apertures of many dozens of meters. <br />
Although most optical sensors rely on reflected sunlight or emitted infrared energy for satellite tracking, active optical sensors are finding increasingly application. By illuminating a target with coherent laser radiation, these systems can image satellites that are not illuminated by sunlight at night, as well as targets that may be obscured by sky-glow during daylight hours. The use of active illumination also permits direct measurement of the range to the target, as well as facilitating characterization of the satellite's structure. <br />
Ground-based radar systems have been used since the late 1950s to track civilian and military satellites.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_6_"><sup>(6)</sup></a> Radars have several advantages over optical tracking systems, including the ability to observe targets 24 hours a day, and during cloudy or overcast conditions. Today the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States both deploy extensive networks of radars which perform the satellite tracking function, as well as other duties, such as detection of missile attack. The performance of a radar is a function of the range to the target and the target's size or radar cross-section, as well as the radar's transmitting frequency and power, and the diameter of the transmitting antenna. Radars used for the initial detection of targets typically are able to locate an object with an accuracy of about 1,000 meters, while tracking radars have accuracies of from 10 to 300 meters.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_7_"><sup>(7)</sup></a> <br />
As radar technology has advanced, the problem has taken on a new dimension. Today's modern and sophisticated large phased array radars (LPARs) can serve many functions. They can provide early warning of missile or bomber attack. LPARs can track satellites and other objects in space and observe missile tests to obtain information for monitoring purposes. They are also an essential component of present generation ABM systems, providing initial warning of an attack and battle management support, distinguishing RVs from decoys, and guiding interceptors to their targets. In some cases, distinguishing an LPAR designed for one of these functions from one designed for an ABM role can be rather difficult. <br />
<center> <b>Space Surveillance Network Radar Sensors and Field of View at 500 km Altitude</b> <br />
<img alt="Radar" height="295" src="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/fig16.gif" width="500" /> <br />
<br />
Space Surveillance Network Optical Sensors and Field of View at 500 km Altitude <br />
<img alt="Optical" height="294" src="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/fig17.gif" width="500" /> </center> <strong>A - Navy</strong> <br />
<strong><span>12427N Naval Space Surveillance System - NAVSPASUR</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_8_"><sup>(8)</sup></a> <br />
The Naval Space Surveillance (NAVSPASUR) System is an integral component of the <strong>US Space Command</strong> Detection and Tracking System, providing continuous surveillance and unalerted detection of space objects crossing the continental United States. NAVSPASUR is also the only space surveillance system which provides satellite vulnerability data to fleet units. It is a multistatic continuous-wave radar fence consisting of three transmitter sites, six receiver sites, and a computational center. The transmitter and receiver sites are located in a great circle across the southern US, and the computational center is located at NAVSPASUR headquarters in Dahlgren, VA. Includes personnel authorizations, peculiar and support equipment, necessary facilities and the associated costs specifically identified and measurable to SPASUR Headquarters Receiving Stations Transmitting Stations. <br />
Recent activities include the upgraded Digital Receiver Replacement (DDR) and the Digital Filter Replacement (DFR). <br />
Work is performed by the <strong>Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)</strong>, Washington, DC. <br />
<strong><span>12428N Space Surveillance (SPASUR) - Communications</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_9_"><sup>(9)</sup></a> <br />
Includes personnel authorizations, peculiar and support equipment, necessary facilities and the associated costs specifically identified and measurable to communications subsystems supporting the Naval Space Surveillance System, i.e., SPASUR headquarters, receiving stations, and transmitting stations. Excludes all leased communications identified and reported in Program 3. <br />
<strong>B - Air Force</strong> <br />
<strong><span>12310F NCMC TW /AA Systems</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_10_"><sup>(10)</sup></a> <br />
Includes resources (personnel authorizations, research and development, investment, operations and maintenance) that support the NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex (NCMC) ballistic missile and atmospheric tactical warning attack assessment (TW/AA) missions. Includes ADP resources for existing NCMC TW/AA systems; related systems installed in the off-site Test Facility and Test, Development and Training; Center and programmed replacements for the Communications System Segment and NORAD computer System. Also includes those resources devoted to planning, designing, developing, procuring, leasing, programming, and operating NCMC TW/AA systems. Excludes any resources associated with the intelligence data handling system (PE 31334F), NCMC space defense systems (PE 12311F), NCMC communications support (PE 12323F), and resources associated with WWMCCS-Standard and WIS ADP programs. <br />
<strong><span>12311F NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex CMC</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span>12311F NCMC Space Defense Systems</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_11_"><sup>(11)</sup></a> <br />
Includes resources personnel authorizations , research and development , investment , operations and maintenance) that support the NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex (NCMC) space surveillance and space defense missions. Includes ADP resources for existing;l NCMC space surveillance/defense systems related systems installed in the Off-Site Test Facility and Test, Development, and Training Center; and programmed replacements/upgrades for the SPADOC, SPADOC Computational Center and Mission operations Center. Also includes those resources devoted to planning/ designing developing, procuring, leasing; , programming and operating space surveillance and space defense systems to include ASAT C2 systems. Excludes any resources associated with the intelligence data handling systems (PE 31334F), NCMC ballistic missile and atmospheric tactical warning/attack assessment systems (PE 12310F), NCMC communications support (PE 12323F) and resources associated with WWMCCS-standard and WIS ADP programs. <br />
<strong><span>Shemya COBRA DANE</span></strong> <br />
The Cobra Dane is an L-band (1175-1375 MHZ) LPAR at Shemya Island, Alaska, with a maximum range of 5,500 kilometers. It is capable of tracking over 200 objects simultaneously, and can locate an object 10 centimeters in diameter at a range of nearly 4,000 kilometers with an accuracy of 5 meters. <br />
<strong><span>12313F Ballistic Missile Tactical Warning/Attack Assessment System</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_12_"><sup>(12)</sup></a> <br />
This PE provides for Ballistic Missile Tactical Warning/Attack Assessment (TW/AA) resources which extend across multIple subsystem/commands and apply to the System as an entity. Resources include a newly established (FY 81) System Integration Office (SIA) providing (TW/AA) System architecture,TW/AA and collateral systems interface/integration engineering, configuration control, data management, TW/AA System interface/integration test and demonstration,TW/AA evaluation analysis and Collateral Sensor Support. SIA resources are for the following functions; either directly or through coordination with other Commands/Agencies. <br />
a. Establish and maintain the TW/AA System configuration baseline. b. Perform interface/integration engineering and testing. c. Establish, verify and evaluate technical integrity among specified operational TW/AA requirements, component operational capabilities, TW/AA System architecture and capabilities , and the approved/proposed programs and enhancements. Includes establishing hardware and software configurations. d. Provide technical guidance to support the analysis and evaluation of the TW/AA system. The system must evolve to meet new threats, new missions, resource allocation changes, policy and doctrine changes , and technological and environmental changes. e. Provides a coherent interface and architecture design. f. Translate operational TW/AA requirements into functional engineering requirements. 9. Evaluate and propose sensor cross-checks and interoperabllity with Command Centers. h. Identify, organize, and manage interrelated technical roles available from. several engineering disciplines to satisfy overall TW/AA systems engineering design requirements. i. Provide a common technical reference baseline for communications among TW/AA user organizations, between TW/AA users and developers, and among developers.i. Plan, design, develop and publish technical engineering standards, procedures, and interface/integration criteria for TW/AA System components and monitor adherence to such standards. k. Provide PPBS inputs to the Aerospace Defense t::enter as required and monitor R&D efforts that have impact on the TW/AA System. It will certify compatibility of all TW/AA components, both existing and newly developed. <br />
<strong><span>12323F NORAD COC Communications</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_13_"><sup>(13)</sup></a> <br />
Includes resources /personnel authorizations, research and development, investments, operations and maintenance) that provide DCS and non-DCS strategic connectivity between ballistic missile tactical warning/attack assessment (TW/AA) sensor sites and key command centers (NORAD/ SAC/ and NCA ground facilities). Includes personnel to operate and maintain TW/AA communications facilities and resources to lease, develop, procure and maintain dedicated commercial and military communications systems (circuits, line termination equipment) that support TW/AA data, teletype and voice connectivity requirements. Also provides resources for sensor and command center interfaces with programmed survivable communications systems (JRSC/ GWEN/ MILSTAR/ etc.). Excludes any resources associated with the AF COMSEC Program PE 33401F), common user communications networks such as AUTOVON and AUTODlN PE 33126F), base level communications PE 33112F) and major military communications systems such as DSCS PE 33110F). Also excludes resources associated directly with TW/AA sensors and the NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex. <br />
<strong><span>12414F Spacetrack Proj 2295 GEODSS</span></strong> <br />
The <strong>Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (GEODSS)</strong> network of sophisticated telescopes using reflected visible light, track objects as small as one square meter, reflecting only 10% of incident sunlight, in orbits at altitudes from 3,000 to 35,000 kilometers.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_14_"><sup>(14)</sup></a> Each installation consists of two telescopes with 1 meter diameter optics for high-altitude search, as well as a single telescope with a 0.4 meter aperture for tracking lower altitude objects.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_15_"><sup>(15)</sup></a> The videcon electro-optical sensors on these systems are capable of tracking up to 200 object per night. This system can scan the sky for new satellites 100 times faster than the previous Baker-Nunn film cameras. A total of five sites are planned, at a total cost of approximately $250 million.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_16_"><sup>(16)</sup></a> White Sands, NM, Maui, HI, Taegu, Korea, were completed in 1983, with Diego Garcia, in the Indian Ocean, completed in 1987. An additional site remains under negotiation to be located at Almodovar in Portugal.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_17_"><sup>(17)</sup></a> <br />
<strong><span>12423F BMEWS (474L)</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_18_"><sup>(18)</sup></a> <br />
Includes personnel authorizations, peculiar and support equipment, necessary facilities and the associated costs specifically identified and measurable to the following: BMEWS Sites, BMEWS Surveillance Wing, Surveillance Wing Support Units. Excludes all Defense Communication System (DCS) and non-DCS communications resources which are contained in PE 12323F. <br />
<strong><span>12424F SPACETRACK</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_19_"><sup>(19)</sup></a> <br />
Includes personnel authorizations, peculiar and support equipment, necessary facilities end the associated costs specifically identified and measurable to the Spacetrack Sensor Network. Excludes all Defense Communications System (DCS) and non-DCS resources which are contained in PE 12443F. <br />
<strong><span>12432F SLBM Warning PAVE PAWS</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_20_"><sup>(20)</sup></a> <br />
Includes personnel authorizations, peculiar and support equipment necessary facilities and the associated costs specifically identified and measurable to the Sea-Launched Ballistic Missile Detection and Warning Radar (FSS-7), and the SLBM Phased Array Radar System (PAVE PAWS, FPS-85, and PARCS). Excludes all Defense Communications System (DCS) and non-DCS communications resources which are contained in PE 12323F. <br />
<strong><span>12434F Perimeter Acquisition Radar-Attack Characterization System (PARCS)</span></strong> <br />
Includes all personnel , equipment , other investment costs and costs of operation of the PARCS. Excludes all Defense Communications System (DCS) and non-DCS communications resources which are contained in PE 12435F. <br />
<strong><span>12435F PARCS Communications</span></strong> <br />
Includes personnel authorizations, peculiar and support equipment, necessary facilities and the associated costs specifically identified and measurable to DCS and non-DCS communications supporting PE 12434F, PARCS, including those communications services and facilities internal to the PARCS site as well as the communications facilities from the PARCS site to the missile terminal center in the NCMC and the NORAD alternate location. Excludes AUTODlN and AUTOVON services (PE 33112F and 33126F) . <br />
<strong><span>12442F BMEWS Communications</span></strong> <br />
Includes personnel authorizations, peculiar and support equipment, necessary facilities and the associated costs specifically identified and measurable to DCS and non-DCS communications supporting PE 12423F BMEWS (474L), including those communications services and facilities internal to the BMEWS sites as well as the communications facilities from the BMEWS sites to the missile terminal center in the NCMC and the NORAD alternate location. Excludes AUTODlN and AUTOVON services (PE 33112F and 33126F). <br />
<strong><span>12443F SPACETRACK Communications</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_21_"><sup>(21)</sup></a> <br />
Includes personnel authorizations, peculiar and support equipment, necessary facilities and the associated costs specifically identified and measurable to DCS and non-DCS communications supporting PE 12424F SPACETRACK, including those communications services and facilities internal to the SPACETRACK sites as well as the communications facilities from the BMEWS sites to the Space Surveillance Center in the NCMC and the NORAD alternate location. Excludes AUTODlN and AUTOVON services (PE 33112F and 33126F). <br />
<strong><span>12445F SLBM - Communications</span></strong> <br />
Includes personnel authorizations, peculiar and support equipment, necessary facilities and the associated costs specifically identified and measurable to DCS and non-DCS communications supporting PE 12432F SLBM Warning PAVE PAWS, including those communications services and facilities internal to the PAVE PAWS sites as well as the communications facilities from the BMEWS sites to the Missile Warning Center in the NCMC and the NORAD alternate location. Excludes AUTODlN and AUTOVON services (PE 33112F and 33126F). <br />
<strong><span>35906F NCMC - TW/AA Systems</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span> NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span> Tactical Warning/Attack Assessment Systems</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_22_"><sup>(22)</sup></a> <br />
This program element funds the replacement systems for the Integrated Tactical Warning/Attack Assessment (TW/AA) network's command, control, and communications (C3) functions within the Cheyenne Mountain Complex (CMC) and at selected forward users This replacement program is designed to incrementally upgrade and replace the current operational systems without loss of attack warning capability during the phased transition. The Integrated TW/AA architecture must respond to a flexible, coordinated (missile, air, and space) attack threat. The program has two related projects: The first, CMU's six system acquisitions are one project. which is supported by the second project--Integrated TW/AA System Engineering. The second project provides interface analysis and disconnect resolution between CMU and over twenty other Integrated TW/AA systems and program upgrades. Together these two projects insure the Commanders-in-Chief, United States Space:Command:(USClNCSPACE) and North American Aerospace Defense Command (CINCNORAD), other nuclear capable CINCs. the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the National Command Authorities of the US and Canada will have the timely, reliable, and unambiguous attack warning and assessment data required to meet national security needs into the next century. <br />
Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU) program must meet Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) requirements to provide the National Command Authorities with timely, reliable, and unambiguous Integrated Tactical Warning/Attack Assessment (TW/AA) data for force survival or retaliatory decisions in the face of air, space, or ballistic missile threats. These six acquisitions provide: 1) survivable communications access for missile attack warning, 2) integrated warning of ballistic missile, atmospheric, and space threats, 3) standard user displays/warning processing systems at selected command centers, and 4) an austere alternate facility capable of early/trans-attack warning correlation and peacetime backup to the North American Aerospace Defense (NORAD) command center at Cheyenne Mountain. <br />
CMU program is managed by Air Force Material Command's <strong>Electronic Systems Center</strong> (ESC), Hanscom AFB, MA. CMU prime contractors, by system, are 1) SCIS: E-Systems, St. Petersburg, FL, 2) CSSR: GTE, Waltham, MA; 3) SPADOC 4C: LORAL C2 Systems, Colorado Springs, CO; 4) CCPDS-R: TRW, Redondo Beach, CA; 5) Granite Sentry: Martin Marietta, Denver, CO (technical software support) and EC, Colorado Springs, CO (hardware). ESC manages delivery of CMU systems to Alternate Processing and correlation Center facility at Offutt AFB, NE. MITRE, Bedford, MA, and CTA, Colorado Springs, CO, provide technical system engineering and integration support. <br />
The Integrated Tactical Warning and Attack Assessment (ITW/AA) System Engineering Project was set up in 1989 when Air Force recognized the phased transition of Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU) program into the Integrated Tactical Warning/Attack Assessment network could only be achieved through rigorous system-of-systems design and engineering analysis of all interfaces and relationships among the twenty eight systems of the network. This project provides for interface analysis and disconnect resolution between CMU and over twenty other Integrated TW/AA systems and program upgrades as required to support the Integrated TW/AA network's continually evolving system-of-systems architecture. It will continue after CMU is complete, to support the addition of new TW/AA systems (e.g., Improved Space-based TW/AA System) and changes driven by new missions/threats (e.g., National Missile Defense). <br />
This project is managed by Air Force Material Command's <strong>Electronic Systems Center</strong> (ESC), at Hanscom AFB, MA. ESC integrates the Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU) systems and other Integrated Tactical Warning and Attack Assessment (ITW/AA) systems into Cheyenne Mountain AFB, the Alternate Processing and Correlation Center (APCC) facility at Offutt AFB, NE, and selected other command centers. MITRE, Bedford, MA, and CTA, Colorado Springs, CO, provide technical system engineering and integration support to ESC. <br />
<strong><span>35909F Ballistic Missile Early Warning System BMEWS</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_23_"><sup>(23)</sup></a> <br />
The BMEWS radars mission is to detect, track, and provide warning of a ballistic missile attack against the US, Canada, the UK, and Europe. The system consists of three radar sites, one each at Thule AB, Greenland; RAF Fylingdales, UK; and Clear AFB, Alaska--all operational since the early 1960s. This program element already funded development and installation of a two-faced phased array radar at Thule AB to provide increased track capability and warning accuracy required due to threat changes <br />
Project Number 2622 BMEWS: Current funding is to complete upgrade of a three-faced phased array radar at RAF Fylingdales This is a joint US-UK project. Facility construction costs of $74 million were fully funded by the UK <br />
Prime contractor is Raytheon, Wayland, MA Major subcontractors are Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, MN (hardware), and TRW, Redondo Beach, CA (software) The program is managed by Air Force Materiel Command's <strong>Electronic Systems Center</strong> (ESC), Hanscom AFB, MA Technical support is provided by MITRE, Bedford, MA <br />
<strong><span>35910F Spacetrack</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_24_"><sup>(24)</sup></a> <br />
<strong><span> 2295 Space Surveillance Network Improvement Program</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span> 2296 Space Surveillance System Development</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span> 3887 Space Control Support</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span> 4239 Air Force Maui Optical Station</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span> 4241 Advanced Electro-Optical System</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span> 4279 HAVE STARE Radar</span></strong> <br />
SPACETRACK is a worldwide space surveillance network (SSN) of dedicated, collateral, and contributing optical, electro-optical, passive RF and radar sensors. The SSN is tasked to provide space object cataloging and identification, satellite attack warning, timely notification to US forces of satellite flyover, space treaty monitoring, and scientific and technical intelligence gathering. The continued increase in the satellite and orbital debris populations, as well as the increased use of different launch trajectories non-standard orbits, and geosynchronous altitudes, necessitates upgrades to detection and tracking sensors to meet existing and future requirements. In addition, most SSN elements require upgrades to ensure supportability due to their age. SPACETRACK would provide the systems development and modifications necessary for command and control, targeting, and damage assessment for the US anti-satellite (ASAT) system. The Image Information Processing Center and computing facility upgrade for the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS) was transferred to PE 62601F in FY 92. <br />
2295 Space Surveillance Network Improvement Program - Space surveillance provides space object cataloging and identification and supports the Space Defense missions of weapons support, attack warming for US satellites, maintenance of space order of battle, rover-up alerts, and identification/ assessment of space objects. The Space Surveillance Network Improvement Program (SSNIP) develops and implements upgrades and improvements to the SSN to correct identified deficiencies in support of those mission requirements. SSNIP also implements upgrades required for supportability/maintainability. SSNIP efforts include improvements to the Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System (GEODSS), reducing uncorrelated target (UCT) errors, orbital debris research and measurement, communications/data link improvements, dedicated sensor upgrades, and system architecture analyses. <br />
<strong>Electronic Systems Center</strong>, Hanscom AFB, MA manages SSNIP. Contractors are TRW, Redondo Beach, CA; SENCOM Corp., Bedford, MA; and Rockwell Power Systems, Albuquerque NM. MlT/Lincoln Laboratories is fielding the HAX radar. TRW, Redondo Beach, CA will perform the GEODSS upgrade. Systems engineering and technical support is provided by MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA; Mitre Corp, Bedford MA; CTA, Bedford, MA; ARE, Bedford, MA; and Aerospace Corp, El Segundo, CA. <br />
Project 2296 Space Surveillance Systems Development: Provides for the evaluation of potential space based sensor contributions to the missions of the SSN Evaluates potential operations concepts of space based sensors. Program is developing a ground-based computer system to process space surveillance data from SDlO's Space Based Visible (SBV) experiment to be launched on the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX). <br />
<strong>Space and Missile Systems Center</strong> (SMC), Los Angeles AFB, CA manages this project. Systems engineering and technical support is provided by Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA. <br />
Project 3887 Space Control Support - ASAT BM/C3 and Surveillance: Foreign space systems represent a continuing threat to US land, naval, and aerospace forces. The US space control objectives are to guarantee tree access to space in peace and deny an adversary's use or control of space in war. The DOD's ASAT program protects the option to pursue deployment of an ASAT capability if directed. The Air Force is lead for the overall ASAT system architecture, end-to-end operational test, and developing and fielding the Battle Management/C3 (BM/C3) system. The current program does not include fielding an ASAT system. The BM/C3 contractor will design and document the ASAT architecture, interfaces, and top level specifications. The contractor will also perform a preliminary design of the BM/C3 system to identify critical or high risk functions and interfaces. <br />
<strong>Electronic Systems Center</strong>, Hanscom AFB, MA manages the ASAT BM/C3 program Prime contractor is TRW, Carson, CA. Systems engineering and technical support is provided by Mitre Corp, Bedford MA; and CTA, Bedford, MA <br />
Project 4239 Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS) is a unique national R&D facility that provides measurement support to government and scientific communities, serves as a test bed for electro-optics and imaging technology, and supports operational space surveillance requirements. Part of the basic operations and support funding for AMOS is provided through this project. Outside user support through other development, measurement and experimental programs from various sources (e.g. SDIO, Intelligence, etc.) provides the balance of the funding. In addition to as primary R&D missions, this site provides critical operational data to Space Command: infrared signature data and compensated imaging data used for space object identification and mission/payload assessment. The Image Information Processing and Computer Center (IIPCC) program was transferred to PE 62601F per Congressional direction. Accomplishments and plans will be addressed by that PE. <br />
<strong>Phillips Laboratory</strong>, Kirtland AFB, NM manages the operation of the AMOS facility and conducts research and development at AMOS. Rockwell Power Systems, Albuquerque, NM operates the AMOS facility. <br />
Project 4241 Advanced Electro-Optical System: The Advanced Electro-Optical System (AEOS) is a 3.67 meter telescope upgrade for the AMOS and would replace the existing 1.6 meter telescope. The AEOS program was initiated in FY91 per Congressional direction. Funding to continue the program in FY93 was also directed by Congress. FY93 appropriation will partially fund the program in FY94. Additional funding in FY94 and beyond, required lo complete AEOS is not requested. <br />
<strong>Phillips Laboratory</strong>, Kirtland AFB, NM manages the AEOS development. Contraves USA, Pittsburgh, PA is contracted to deliver the AEOS telescope. <br />
Project 4279 - The HAVE STARE-(HS) radar was transferred from the intelligence budget in FY93 at the direction of Congress. The Air Force has identified a requirement for the HS system and has programmed funding in this program element to complete development and to deploy the system. HS is a high resolution X-band tracking and imaging radar with a 27 meter mechanical dish antenna. HS will be deployed as a dedicated space surveillance sensor to support the mission of space object catalog maintenance of deep space objects and mission payload assessment. The potential to support other missions is also being evaluated. HS will be used to replace the <strong>[DELETED]</strong>. A final deployment location has not been determined. It will provide both an improvement in capability and a reduction in overall SPACETRACK O&M costs. The HAVE STARE Radar development was transferred to SPACETRACK from the original intelligence program per Congressional direction in FY93. <br />
<strong>Electronic Systems Center</strong>, Hanscom AFB, MA manages HS. Prime contractor is Raytheon Co. Wayland MA. Systems engineering and technical support is provided by Mitre Corp, Bedford MA; Riverside Research Institute, Lexington MA; and The Ultra Corporation, Lexington, MA. <br />
<strong><span>35912F SLBM Warning PAVE PAWS</span></strong> <br />
Includes personnel authorizations, peculiar and support equipment necessary facilities and the associated costs specifically identified and measurable to the Sea-Launched Ballistic Missile Detection and Warning Radar (FSS-7), and the SLBM Phased Array Radar System (PAVE PAWS, FPS-85, and PARCS). <br />
<strong><span>62101F Geophysics (part)</span></strong> <br />
Infrared and other optical sensors must detect and measure targets against natural backgrounds including stars and zodiacal light and other celestial radiation; the earth, clouds, and atmospheric radiance and the limb of the earth's atmosphere at high altitudes. This background has the potential to degrade sensor effectiveness. Nuclear detonations, particularly in outer space, also have the potential to substantially degrade the sensitivity of sensors. <br />
This Project provides optical facilities, measurement equipment and some test targets for collection and interpretation of infrared and visible optical signatures of American and Soviet ballistic missile components. Data will also be collected on atmospheric and other background phenomena. <br />
The bulk of Project 7670 - Optical and Infrared Properties of the Environment was transferred from PE 62101F Geophysics to the SDI Program in FY1985. <br />
<span><strong>62601F Advanced Weapons</strong></span> <br />
<strong><span> Project 3326, Lasers and Imaging</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_25_"><sup>(25)</sup></a> <br />
This project examines the technical feasibility of moderate to high power lasers, associated optical systems, and long-range optical imaging concepts for Air Force mission requirements. This includes: advanced short wavelength laser devices for applications such as illuminators and imaging sources; advanced optical imaging techniques for target identification and assessment as well as aimpoint selection, maintenance, and damage assessment; laser device and optical component technology; and nonlinear optics (NLO) processes and techniques. Recently, long-range optical imaging emphasis has significantly increased. <br />
The <strong>Phillips Laboratory's Lasers and Imaging Directorate</strong>, Kirtland AFB, NM, performs major in-house research and manages this program. The top five contractors are: RDA-Logicon, Marina Del Rey, CA; S Systems Corporation, Inglewood, CA; BDM, McLean, VA; Rockwell Power Services, Albuquerque, NM; and Applied Technologies, Albuquerque, NM. <br />
<strong><span>63424F Missile Surveillance Technology</span></strong> <br />
The Midcourse Surveillance System was initiated as a concept in 1969, with initial funding for the program starting in FY70. One system, previously called the Advanced Surveillance Technology program is now referred to as Missile Surveillance Technology.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_26_"><sup>(26)</sup></a> <br />
<strong><span>63605F Advanced Weapons Technology</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span> Project 3150 Advanced Optics Technology</span></strong><a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_27_"><sup>(27)</sup></a> <br />
This program element is the advanced technology development program for directed energy (DE) concepts and advanced optical imaging systems. Speed-of-light weapons and long-range, high resolution optical imaging through the turbulent atmosphere offer significant payoffs. This program element has been responsible for major technology breakthroughs in removing atmospheric distortions from laser beams and other-optical transmissions, in producing high resolution optical imagery of distant objects, in fabricating small relatively high-power-laser diode phased arrays, and in furthering the understanding of HPM radiation effects Major emphasis areas include: HPM sources and ground-based and airborne laser weapons technologies; high resolution, long-range optical imaging (e g., space object identification)i moderate power laser diode arrays; and DE and/or - nuclear weapons effects on U.S. systems. <br />
Project 3150 Advanced Optics Technology develops advanced optical technologies for Imaging distant or dim objects This work supports high energy laser technologies (ground-based and airborne) since an imaging subsystem is required for target verification, accurate and sustainable laser beam placement on target, and damage assessment. Advanced technologies including nonlinear optics, adaptive optics, and specialized signal processing are being developed The goal is high quality optical image reconstruction, concentrating on removing turbulent atmosphere-induced distortions. Many of these developed technologies (both techniques and hardware) also have significant application to astronomical research. <br />
This project has transferred passive imaging technology for application at the Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS), and performed field test to acquire satellites and-sky background data in preparation for transitioning daylight satellite imaging. The project has also Conducted experiments to evaluate coherence, output energy, and scalability of excimer lasers for use as long-range, high resolution active imaging illuminators. Future work includes evaluation of advanced high resolution passive space object imaging techniques on 3.5 meter telescope, completion of illuminator laser risk reduction experiments, and selection of a candidate laser device for the Active Imaging Testbed (AIT). <br />
The <strong>Phillips Laboratory's Lasers and Imaging Directorate</strong>, Kirtland AFB, NM, conducts major in-house research efforts and manages the project The top five contractors are: ATA Corporation, Albuquerque, NM; Rockwell Power Services Company, Albuquerque, NM; RDA-Logicon, Marina del Rey, CA; S Systems Corporation, Inglewood, CA; and the University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ. <br />
<strong><span>63428F Space Surveillance Technology SBSS</span></strong> <br />
In fiscal year 1976, the Space Infrared Sensor Program and the early phases of the SBSS Program were initiated. During its conceptual phase, SBSS had been referred to as Deep Space Surveillance Satellite or Low Altitude Surveillance Satellite.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_28_"><sup>(28)</sup></a> <br />
The 1977 Hysat Study, a part of the Deep Space Surveillance System program (DSSS), was sponsored by the USAF Space & Missile Systems Organization. Fairchild investigated the applicability of nuclear radioisotope heat sources for this mission. The rather sizable electrical power requirement (1500-3500 watts (e)) is provided by rollup solar arrays, alongside or atop the spacecraft, and attached to the upper body.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_29_"><sup>(29)</sup></a> <br />
The Space Based Surveillance System (SBSS) concept, which called for the deployment of four satellites in equatorial orbits at an altitude of 1100 kilometers, with the possibility of additional satellites in inclined orbits for polar coverage. The satellites were to be launched by the Shuttle using the Inertial Upper Stage, and have a design life of five years. <br />
<strong>C - Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</strong> <br />
<strong><span>62301E Strategic Technology</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span> ST-2 Space Surveillance TEAL AMBER</span></strong> <br />
Although most optical sensors rely on reflected sunlight or emitted infrared energy for satellite tracking, active optical sensors are finding increasingly application. By illuminating a target with coherent laser radiation, these systems can image satellites that are not illuminated by sunlight at night, as well as targets that may be obscured by sky-glow during daylight hours. The use of active illumination also permits direct measurement of the range to the target, as well as facilitating characterization of the satellite's structure. <br />
American systems of this type include the <strong>Teal Amber</strong> laser radar at the Malabar Optics Laboratory in Florida, which has a total of three optical tracking receiver systems, and eight laser transmitters.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_30_"><sup>(30)</sup></a> Others include the <strong>LARIAT</strong> (Laser Radar Intelligence Acquisition Technology) system at Cloudcroft, Arizona, and the 60 centimeter aperture <strong>Teal Blue</strong> laser radar is operational at the AMOS facility on Mt. Haleakala in Hawaii. <br />
<strong><span>62301E Strategic Technology</span></strong> <br />
<strong><span> ST-8 Space Object Identification AMOS</span></strong> <br />
The <strong>Maui Optical Tracking and Identification Facility (MOTIF)</strong> is located at the <strong>Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS)</strong> on Mount Haleakala in Hawaii. MOTIF includes a pair of 1.2 meter surveillance and tracking visible light and infrared telescopes, which operate at ranges of over 35,000 kilometers.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_31_"><sup>(31)</sup></a> AMOS is host to one of the operational GEODSS stations. In addition, a 1.6 meter aperture telescope is used to provide 0.3 meter resolution images of satellites at ranges of over 750 kilometers, with tracking capabilities up to 35,000 kilometers, using reflected visible light and infrared.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_32_"><sup>(32)</sup></a> <br />
Currently planned AMOS upgrades include installation of a 4 meter telescope, designated <strong>Advanced Electro-Optical System (AEOS)</strong>.<a href="http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/overview.htm#N_33_"><sup>(33)</sup></a> Advanced research is currently under way that could eventually lead to an even more capable system, applying synthetic aperture techniques to combine the images from nine 2-meter diameter telescopes to provide images equivalent to those of a 12-meter telescope, at a cost of about $20 million<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fas.org/">www.fas.org</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-73858517141716281082011-08-29T20:46:00.001-07:002011-08-29T20:50:05.312-07:00MILLITARY TRANSFORMATIONThe idea of a "revolution in military affairs" (RMA) based on new information technology (IT) has sparked the imagination of defense intellectuals and policymakers for nearly three decades. In that time, it has also guided a sizable chunk of the U.S. Defense Department's experiments and investments in new technology. The related but ill-defined notion of a "military transformation" even found its way into candidate George W. Bush's campaign rhetoric in 2000. And transforming the U.S. military became Donald Rumsfeld's chief goal when he was named Bush's secretary of defense after the election.<br />
Six years later, U.S. forces are mired in Iraq, fighting valiantly but without enough forces or the right weapons and operational concepts for the job. Rumsfeld is out of a job, and many pundits blame his vision of a small, high-tech fighting force for the problems U.S. troops now confront. The RMA seems to have ended before it got very far.<br />
But the unpopular war in Iraq has brought more dishonor to the idea of transformation than it deserves. As Max Boot affirms in his splendid history, War Made New, RMAs have been critical to the success of various countries throughout history, and the U.S. government would be foolish not to continue pursuing the present one. As Frederick Kagan points out in his very different but equally stimulating book, Finding the Target, the more contemporary notion of "transformation" is problematic, in part because the term has come to mean almost anything, but more important because Rumsfeld's version incorporated a very limited view of warfare that made it relatively easy for the United States to get into Iraq but very hard to get out. Kagan himself makes no attempt to codify the term but rather uses it to mean simply "a big, important change." Armed with that definition, he offers a few transformations of his own. These are no less compelling for the lack of a capital T.<br />
Between them, these two very different books offer fascinating insights for those seeking to understand how the U.S. military got where it is today: namely, bogged down in Iraq. The books also help explain the peculiar ways in which the Defense Department conceives of war and invests its money. Each book suggests ways forward. Neither has a plan for getting out of Iraq -- the books deal with overarching themes, not particular policies. But the authors' advice could well help Washington avoid similar conflicts in the future -- or at least handle them better if they do occur.<br />
A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE<br />
It would be unfair to expect Boot's lengthy book to offer solutions for all of today's dilemmas. His is a sweeping history of RMAs over half a millennium, and the current era occupies considerably less than half of its pages. Still, when he gets to the present, he has much to say about contemporary events in historical context.<br />
Boot barely mentions the modern phrase "military transformation," preferring to focus strictly on the notion of RMAs, which he defines as "great change[s] in warfare" that occur when "new technologies and tactics combine to reshape the face of battle." Boot identifies four RMAs that have taken place since 1500, each grounded in the technological advances that marked the era in which it occurred: the gunpowder revolution, the first Industrial Revolution (involving rifles and railroads), the second Industrial Revolution (involving tanks and aircraft), and today's information revolution. In each case, he singles out a few battles to illustrate how war changed, how those changes emerged, and how they affected those who mastered them.<br />
Although Boot's RMAs are all rooted in technological innovations, he makes it clear that a successful revolution also requires adaptations in military organization, training, and doctrine. And if there is a single dominant factor to explain why some states have managed RMAs while others have failed, it is not technical genius but rather "an efficient bureaucracy." Boot weighs organization and politics as heavily as technology, and rightly so.<br />
As he shows, when states do manage change properly, the rewards are impressive. Successful revolutionizers, such as England in the 1500s or Germany at the start of World War II, have used the power thus unleashed to upset local, regional, and even (in the case of the nineteenth-century imperialists) global power balances. The rise of the West, Boot contends, cannot be explained without reference to the relatively substantial military lead that Western states acquired after 1500. Not surprisingly, he stresses "the importance of not missing out on the next big change in warfare."<br />
The changes Boot documents are not limited to the military. Many of the successful states he describes were fundamentally reshaped by their military revolutions. Thus, the gunpowder revolution, by making standing armies larger and more lethal, hastened the development of the centralized state. And the enormous materiel demands of war in the early twentieth century hastened economic centralization, while the growing demand for conscripts encouraged the breakdown of old political structures and the rise of egalitarian systems.<br />
<br />
<b><span class="b w xsm">[PDF]</span></b> <span class="tl"><h3 class="r"><a class="l" href="http://www.iwar.org.uk/rma/resources/transformation/military-transformation-a-strategic-approach.pdf"><em>Military Transformation</em>: A Strategic Approach</a></h3><h3 class="r"><span class="b w xsm">[PDF]</span> <span class="tl"></span></h3><h3 class="r"><a class="l" href="http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL31425.pdf"><em>Military Transformation</em>: Intelligence, Surveillance and <b>...</b></a></h3></span> Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-22152707184821520322011-08-29T20:44:00.001-07:002011-08-29T20:44:32.413-07:00WORLD MILLITARY POWER<ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Afghanistan"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Afghanistan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Albania"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Albania</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Algeria"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Algeria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Argentina"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Argentina</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Armenia"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Armenia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Austria"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Austria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Azerbaijan"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Azerbaijan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Bahamas"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Bahamas</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Bangladesh"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bangladesh</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Belarus"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Belarus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Belgium"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Belgium</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Bhutan"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Bhutan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Brazil</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Bulgaria"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Bulgaria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Cambodia"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Cambodia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Chile"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Chile</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#People.27s_Republic_of_China"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">People's Republic of China</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Colombia"><span class="tocnumber">20</span> <span class="toctext">Colombia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Costa_Rica"><span class="tocnumber">21</span> <span class="toctext">Costa Rica</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#C.C3.B4te_d.27Ivoire"><span class="tocnumber">22</span> <span class="toctext">Côte d'Ivoire</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Croatia"><span class="tocnumber">23</span> <span class="toctext">Croatia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Cuba"><span class="tocnumber">24</span> <span class="toctext">Cuba</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Cyprus"><span class="tocnumber">25</span> <span class="toctext">Cyprus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Czech_Republic"><span class="tocnumber">26</span> <span class="toctext">Czech Republic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Denmark"><span class="tocnumber">27</span> <span class="toctext">Denmark</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Ecuador"><span class="tocnumber">28</span> <span class="toctext">Ecuador</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">29</span> <span class="toctext">Egypt</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#El_Salvador"><span class="tocnumber">30</span> <span class="toctext">El Salvador</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Estonia"><span class="tocnumber">31</span> <span class="toctext">Estonia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Finland"><span class="tocnumber">32</span> <span class="toctext">Finland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#France"><span class="tocnumber">33</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Georgia"><span class="tocnumber">34</span> <span class="toctext">Georgia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">35</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Greece"><span class="tocnumber">36</span> <span class="toctext">Greece</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Guatemala"><span class="tocnumber">37</span> <span class="toctext">Guatemala</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Hungary"><span class="tocnumber">38</span> <span class="toctext">Hungary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#India"><span class="tocnumber">39</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Indonesia"><span class="tocnumber">40</span> <span class="toctext">Indonesia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Iran"><span class="tocnumber">41</span> <span class="toctext">Iran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Iraq"><span class="tocnumber">42</span> <span class="toctext">Iraq</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">43</span> <span class="toctext">Ireland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">44</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">45</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">46</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Jordan"><span class="tocnumber">47</span> <span class="toctext">Jordan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Latvia"><span class="tocnumber">48</span> <span class="toctext">Latvia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Lebanon"><span class="tocnumber">49</span> <span class="toctext">Lebanon</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Lithuania"><span class="tocnumber">50</span> <span class="toctext">Lithuania</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Malaysia"><span class="tocnumber">51</span> <span class="toctext">Malaysia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Maldives"><span class="tocnumber">52</span> <span class="toctext">Maldives</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Malta"><span class="tocnumber">53</span> <span class="toctext">Malta</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">54</span> <span class="toctext">Mexico</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Nepal"><span class="tocnumber">55</span> <span class="toctext">Nepal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">56</span> <span class="toctext">Netherlands</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">57</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Nigeria"><span class="tocnumber">58</span> <span class="toctext">Nigeria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#North_Korea"><span class="tocnumber">59</span> <span class="toctext">North Korea</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Norway"><span class="tocnumber">60</span> <span class="toctext">Norway</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Oman"><span class="tocnumber">61</span> <span class="toctext">Oman</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Pakistan"><span class="tocnumber">62</span> <span class="toctext">Pakistan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Panama"><span class="tocnumber">63</span> <span class="toctext">Panama</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Peru"><span class="tocnumber">64</span> <span class="toctext">Peru</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Philippines"><span class="tocnumber">65</span> <span class="toctext">Philippines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Poland"><span class="tocnumber">66</span> <span class="toctext">Poland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Portugal"><span class="tocnumber">67</span> <span class="toctext">Portugal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Romania"><span class="tocnumber">68</span> <span class="toctext">Romania</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">69</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Saudi_Arabia"><span class="tocnumber">70</span> <span class="toctext">Saudi Arabia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Serbia"><span class="tocnumber">71</span> <span class="toctext">Serbia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Singapore"><span class="tocnumber">72</span> <span class="toctext">Singapore</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Slovakia"><span class="tocnumber">73</span> <span class="toctext">Slovakia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Slovenia"><span class="tocnumber">74</span> <span class="toctext">Slovenia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-75"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#South_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">75</span> <span class="toctext">South Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-76"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#South_Korea"><span class="tocnumber">76</span> <span class="toctext">South Korea</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-77"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Spain"><span class="tocnumber">77</span> <span class="toctext">Spain</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Sri_Lanka"><span class="tocnumber">78</span> <span class="toctext">Sri Lanka</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">79</span> <span class="toctext">Sweden</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Switzerland"><span class="tocnumber">80</span> <span class="toctext">Switzerland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-81"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Syria"><span class="tocnumber">81</span> <span class="toctext">Syria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-82"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Thailand"><span class="tocnumber">82</span> <span class="toctext">Thailand</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-83"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Republic_of_China_.28Taiwan.29"><span class="tocnumber">83</span> <span class="toctext">Republic of China (Taiwan)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-84"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Turkey"><span class="tocnumber">84</span> <span class="toctext">Turkey</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">85</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-86"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">86</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Venezuela"><span class="tocnumber">87</span> <span class="toctext">Venezuela</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-88"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_forces_units#Zimbabwe"><span class="tocnumber">88</span> <span class="toctext">Zimbabwe</span></a></li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-75159958280702299792011-08-29T20:34:00.001-07:002011-08-29T20:34:22.529-07:00STUDY IN INTELIGENCE<ul><li><a class="internal-link" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-55-no.-2/index.html">Unclassified Extracts from Classified Studies<br />
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<a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/index.html" title="Unclassified Studies in Intelligence Vol. 51, No. 2">Volume 51, Number 2, 2007</a> [<a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/Studies_v51no2_2007-5Jun.pdf" title="Vol. 51, No. 2 Unclassified">PDF 4.33MB</a>*]<br />
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no1/index.html" title="VOL. 51, NO. 1">Unclassified Articles from Classified Studies<br />
Volume 51, Number 1, 2007</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol50no4/index.html" title="index">Unclassified Studies<br />
Volume 50, Number 4, 2006</a> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/deploy_link_error">[PDF 1.1MB</a>*]</li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol50no3/index.html" title="INTELLIGENCE TODAY AND TOMORROW">Unclassified Articles from Classified Studies<br />
Volume 50, Number 3, 2006</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol50no2/html_files/index.html" title="Studies in Intelligence: VOL. 50, NO. 2, 2006 Unclassified Edition">Unclassified Studies<br />
Volume 50, Number 2, 2006</a> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol50no2/83965Webk.pdf">[PDF 1.5MB</a>*] </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol50no1/html_files/index.html">Unclassified Articles from Classified Studies</a><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol50no1/html_files/index.html"><br />
Volume 50, Number 1, 2006</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no4/index.html">Unclassified Studies<br />
Volume 49, Number 4, 2005</a> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no4/studies49_04.pdf" title="studies49_04.pdf">[PDF 1.4 MB</a>*] </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no3/html_files/index.html">Unclassified Studies<br />
Volume 49, Number 3, 2005</a> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no3/html_files/Studies%20vol%2049%20no%203_book.pdf">[PDF 2.1MB</a>*]</li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/Vol49no2/index.html">Unclassified Articles from Classified Studies<br />
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<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no1/html_files/index.html">Unclassified Studies<br />
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<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol47no4/index.html">Unclassified Articles from Classified Studies <br />
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<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol47no3/index.html">Unclassified Studies Volume 47, Number 3, 2003</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol47no2_2003/index.html">Unclassified Articles from Classified Studies <br />
Volume 47, Number 2, 2003</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol47no1/index.html">Unclassified Studies Volume 47, Number 1, 2003</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no4/index.html">Unclassified Articles from Classified Studies <br />
Volume 46, Number 4, 2002</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no3/index.html">Unclassified Studies Volume 46, Number 3, 2002</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no2/index.html">Unclassified Articles from Classified Studies <br />
Volume 46, Number 2, 2002</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no1/index.html">Unclassified Studies Volume 46, Number 1, 2002</a> </li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/index.html">Fall-Winter 2001, No. 11</a><br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter_spring01/index.htm">Winter-Spring 2001</a><br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall00/index.html">Fall 2000</a><br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/summer00/index.html">Summer 2000</a><br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/index.html">Winter 1999-2000</a><br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter98_99/index.html">Winter 1998-1999</a><br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/spring98/index.html">Spring 1998</a><br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/97unclass/index.html" title="Studies in Intelligence - 1997">1997</a><br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/96unclass/index.html" title="Volume 39, Number 5, 1996">1996</a><br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/index.html" title="1995 Edition -- Volume 38, Number 5">1995</a><br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/unclass1994.pdf">1994 [PDF Only 18MB</a>*]<br />
</li>
<li> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/unclass1992.pdf">1992 [PDF Only 19MB</a>*]<br />
</li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-48607963221159938802011-08-29T20:30:00.000-07:002011-08-29T20:32:06.461-07:00WORLD FACT<table id="country_select2" style="background-image: url("graphics/country_gradiant_back.jpg"); height: 32px;"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html#" style="cursor: default; width: 80px;" title="References"></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-78670476831573033202011-08-29T20:19:00.000-07:002011-08-29T20:22:13.880-07:00WORLD LEADER<h2>Table of Contents</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-a/world-leaders-a.html" title="World Leaders - A"><strong>A</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/world-leaders-b.html" title="World Leaders - B"><strong>B</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/world-leaders-c.html" title="World Leaders - C"><strong>C</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-d/world-leaders-d.html" title="World Leaders - D"><strong>D</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/world-leaders-e.html" title="World Leaders - E"><strong>E</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-f/world-leaders-f.html" title="World Leaders - F"><strong>F</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-g/world-leaders-g.html" title="World Leaders - G"><strong>G</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-h/world-leaders-h.html" title="World Leaders - H"><strong>H</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-i/world-leaders-i.html" title="World Leaders - I"><strong>I</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-j/world-leaders-j.html" title="World Leaders - J"><strong>J</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/world-leaders-k.html" title="World Leaders - K"><strong>K</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-l/world-leaders-l.html" title="World Leaders - L"><strong>L</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/world-leaders-m.html" title="World Leaders - M"><strong>M</strong></a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/world-leaders-n.html" title="World Leaders - N"><strong>N</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-o/world-leaders-o.html" title="World Leaders - O"><strong>O</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/world-leaders-p.html" title="World Leaders - P"><strong>P</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-q/world-leaders-q.html" title="World Leaders - Q"><strong>Q</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-r/world-leaders-r.html" title="World Leaders - R"><strong>R</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-s/world-leaders-s.html" title="World Leaders - S"><strong>S</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/world-leaders-t.html" title="World Leaders - T"><strong>T</strong></a> </li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-u/world-leaders-u.html" title="World Leaders - U"><strong>U</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-v/world-leaders-v.html" title="World Leaders - V"><strong>V</strong></a></li>
<li><strong> W</strong></li>
<li><strong> X</strong></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-y/world-leaders-y.html" title="World Leaders - Y"><strong>Y</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-z/world-leaders-z.html" title="World Leaders - Z"><strong>Z</strong></a></li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-46858283504095264172011-08-29T20:14:00.001-07:002011-08-29T20:14:31.632-07:00ARMAMENT<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="aw_borders" style="width: 770px;"><tbody>
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<li><a href="http://www.enemyforces.net/navy.htm" id="main_cat">Navy</a></li>
</ul></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-42844467187816810422011-08-29T20:12:00.001-07:002011-08-29T20:18:06.848-07:00MILLITARY HISTORY<br />
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<tr><th width="12%"><table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_0"><tbody>
<tr><td>37</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_d%27Infanterie_de_37_mod%C3%A8le_1916_TRP" title="Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP">Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War I</td><td> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>37</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_11_infantry_gun" title="Type 11 infantry gun">Type 11 infantry gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>37</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37-mm_trench_gun_M1915" title="37-mm trench gun M1915">37-mm trench gun M1915</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg/22px-Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<a name='more'></a>
<tr> <td>38</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Breech-loading_cannon" title="Hughes Breech-loading cannon">Hughes Breech-loading cannon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Confederate_National_Flag_since_Mar_4_1865.svg/22px-Confederate_National_Flag_since_Mar_4_1865.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></td> <td>American Civil War</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>40</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.59_inch_Breech-Loading_Vickers_Q.F._Gun,_Mk_II" title="1.59 inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II">1.59 inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>70</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_92_Battalion_Gun" title="Type 92 Battalion Gun">Type 92 Battalion Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bofors_75_mm_L/20&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bofors 75 mm L/20 (page does not exist)">Bofors 75 mm L/20</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar" title="Interwar">Interwar</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.5_cm_leichte_Infantriegeschutz_18" title="7.5 cm leichte Infantriegeschutz 18">leIG 18</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.5_cm_leichte_Infantriegeschutz_18" title="7.5 cm leichte Infantriegeschutz 18">leIG 18 F</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.5_cm_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz_37" title="7.5 cm Infanteriegeschütz 37">7.5 cm Infanteriegeschütz 37</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.5_cm_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz_42" title="7.5 cm Infanteriegeschütz 42">7.5 cm Infanteriegeschütz 42</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_76_FRC" title="Canon de 76 FRC">76 mm Canon de 76 Fonderie Royale des Canons</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.62_cm_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz_L/16.5" title="7.62 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/16.5">7.62 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/16.5</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>77</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.7_cm_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz_L/20" title="7.7 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/20">7.7 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/20</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>77</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.7_cm_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz_L/27" title="7.7 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/27">7.7 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/27</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>150</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm_sIG_33" title="15 cm sIG 33">15 cm sIG 33</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_1"><tbody>
<tr> <th width="13%"><br />
</th> <th width="40%"><br />
</th> <th width="27%"></th> <th width="20%"><br />
</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>57</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASU-57" title="ASU-57">ASU-57</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1951)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StuG_III" title="StuG III">StuG III</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StuG_IV" title="StuG IV">StuG IV</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semovente_75/18" title="Semovente 75/18">Semovente 75/18</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semovente_75/34" title="Semovente 75/34">Semovente 75/34</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semovente_75/46" title="Semovente 75/46">Semovente 75/46</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooikat_AFV" title="Rooikat AFV">Rooikat 76</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>modern</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-76" title="SU-76">SU-76</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II (1942)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infantry_guns#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-76i" title="SU-76i">SU-76i</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II (1943)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infantry_guns#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>85</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASU-85" title="ASU-85">ASU-85</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>Cold War</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>90</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semovente_90/53" title="Semovente 90/53">Semovente 90/53</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>96</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise_heavy_assault_tank" title="Tortoise heavy assault tank">Tank, Heavy Assault, Tortoise (A39)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StuG_III" title="StuG III">StuH 42</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooikat_AFV" title="Rooikat AFV">Rooikat 105</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>Modern</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semovente_105/25" title="Semovente 105/25">Semovente 105/25</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>114</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT-42" title="BT-42">BT-42</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>122</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-122" title="SU-122">SU-122</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>122</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU-122" title="ISU-122">ISU-122</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II (1943)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infantry_guns#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>150</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brummb%C3%A4r" title="Brummbär">Sturmpanzer IV</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>150</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I_variants" title="Panzer I variants">15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen I</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>150</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">15 cm sIG 33 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>150</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm-Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz_33B" title="Sturm-Infanteriegeschütz 33B">15 cm sIG 33/1 on Panzer III chassis</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>150</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille_%28artillery%29" title="Grille (artillery)">15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen 38(t)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-152" title="SU-152">SU-152</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II (1943)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infantry_guns#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU-152" title="ISU-152">ISU-152</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II (1943)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infantry_guns#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr>
</tbody></table></th></tr>
</tbody></table><table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_0" style="font-size: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><th width="12%">WEAPON OF ARTILLERY</th></tr>
</tbody></table><table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_0" style="font-size: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><th width="12%">(mm)<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_field_guns#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> <th width="44%">Weapon name<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_field_guns#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> <th width="22%">Country of origin<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_field_guns#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> <th width="22%">Period<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_field_guns#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td>70</td> <td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitworth_rifled_breech_loader&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Whitworth rifled breech loader (page does not exist)">Whitworth rifled breech loader</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>American Civil War</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1897" title="Canon de 75 modèle 1897">Canon de 75 modèle 1897</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1905_Schneider" title="Canon de 75 modèle 1905 Schneider">Canon de 75 modèle 1905 Schneider</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1912_Schneider" title="Canon de 75 modèle 1912 Schneider">Canon de 75 modèle 1912 Schneider</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1914_Schneider" title="Canon de 75 modèle 1914 Schneider">Canon de 75 modèle 1914 Schneider</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mle_GP1" title="Canon de 75 mle GP1">Canon de 75 mle GP1</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1897" title="Canon de 75 modèle 1897">75 mm Gun M1897</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_75/27_modello_06" title="Cannone da 75/27 modello 06">Cannone da 75/27 modello 06</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_75/27_modello_11" title="Cannone da 75/27 modello 11">Cannone da 75/27 modello 11</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_75/32_modello_37" title="Cannone da 75/32 modello 37">Cannone da 75/32 modello 37</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mle_TR" title="Canon de 75 mle TR">Canon de 75 mle TR</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_38_75_mm_Field_Gun" title="Type 38 75 mm Field Gun">Type 38 75 mm Field Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_41_75_mm_Cavalry_Gun" title="Type 41 75 mm Cavalry Gun">Type 41 75 mm Cavalry Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reffye_75mm_cannon" title="Reffye 75mm cannon">Reffye 75mm cannon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>1870–1877</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75_mm_Gun_M1916" title="75 mm Gun M1916">75 mm Gun M1916</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75_mm_Gun_M1917" title="75 mm Gun M1917">75 mm Gun M1917</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Chamond_75_mm_gun" title="St Chamond 75 mm gun">St Chamond 75 mm gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_95_75_mm_Field_Gun" title="Type 95 75 mm Field Gun">Type 95 75 mm Field Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Sino-Japanese_War" title="2nd Sino-Japanese War">2nd Sino-Japanese War</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mle_GP11" title="Canon de 75 mle GP11">Canon de 75 mle GP11</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mle_GP111" title="Canon de 75 mle GP111">Canon de 75 mle GP111</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75_mm_Type_90_Field_Gun" title="75 mm Type 90 Field Gun">75 mm Type 90 Field Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1922_Schneider" title="Canon de 75 modèle 1922 Schneider">Canon de 75 modèle 1922 Schneider</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.5_cm_FK_16_nA" title="7.5 cm FK 16 nA">7.5 cm FK 16 nA</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.5_cm_FK_18" title="7.5 cm FK 18">7.5 cm FK 18</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.5_cm_FK_38" title="7.5 cm FK 38">7.5 cm FK 38</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.5_cm_FK_7M85" title="7.5 cm FK 7M85">7.5 cm FK 7M85</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL_12_pounder_8_cwt_Armstrong_gun" title="RBL 12 pounder 8 cwt Armstrong gun">RBL 12 pounder 8 cwt Armstrong gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>1860s</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_BL_12_pounder_7_cwt" title="Ordnance BL 12 pounder 7 cwt">BL 12 pounder 7 cwt gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>1880s - 1890s</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_BL_12_pounder_6_cwt" title="Ordnance BL 12 pounder 6 cwt">BL 12 pounder 6 cwt gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> / <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_BL_15_pounder" title="Ordnance BL 15 pounder">BL 15 pounder 7 cwt gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> / <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_12_pounder_8_cwt" title="Ordnance QF 12 pounder 8 cwt">QF 12 pounder 8 cwt gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> / <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76_mm_gun_M1900" title="76 mm gun M1900">76 mm gun M1900</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg/22px-Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1902" title="76 mm divisional gun M1902">76 mm divisional gun M1902</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg/22px-Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_BLC_15_pounder" title="Ordnance BLC 15 pounder">BLC 15 pounder gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_15_pounder" title="Ordnance QF 15 pounder">QF 15 pounder Mk.I</a> <i>The Ehrhardt</i></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-inch_M1902_field_gun" title="3-inch M1902 field gun">3-inch M1902 field gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>pre–World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_13_pounder" title="Ordnance QF 13 pounder">QF 13 pounder gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1902/30" title="76 mm divisional gun M1902/30">76 mm divisional gun M1902/30</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1936_%28F-22%29" title="76 mm divisional gun M1936 (F-22)">76 mm divisional gun M1936 (F-22)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1939_%28USV%29" title="76 mm divisional gun M1939 (USV)">76 mm divisional gun M1939 (USV)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76_mm_divisional_gun_M1942_%28ZiS-3%29" title="76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)">76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.5</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_cm_Feldkanone_M._99" title="8 cm Feldkanone M. 99">8 cm Feldkanone M. 99</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.5</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_cm_FK_M._5" title="8 cm FK M. 5">8 cm FK M. 5</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.5</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_cm_FK_M._17" title="8 cm FK M. 17">8 cm FK M. 17</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.5</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_cm_FK_M_18" title="8 cm FK M 18">8 cm FK M 18</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.5</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_cm_kanon_vz._30" title="8 cm kanon vz. 30">8 cm kanon vz. 30</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>77</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.7_cm_FK_96" title="7.7 cm FK 96">7.7 cm FK 96</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>77</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.7_cm_FK_96_n.A." title="7.7 cm FK 96 n.A.">7.7 cm FK 96 n.A.</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>77</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.7_cm_FK_16" title="7.7 cm FK 16">7.7 cm FK 16</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>83.8</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_18_pounder" title="Ordnance QF 18 pounder">QF 18 pounder gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>85</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reffye_85mm_cannon" title="Reffye 85mm cannon">Reffye 85mm cannon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>1870–1877</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>85</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_85_mod%C3%A8le_1927_Schneider" title="Canon de 85 modèle 1927 Schneider">Canon de 85 modèle 1927 Schneider</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>85</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/85_mm_divisional_gun_D-44" title="85 mm divisional gun D-44">85 mm divisional gun D-44</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>Modern</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>87</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87_mm_light_field_gun_M1877" title="87 mm light field gun M1877">87 mm light field gun M1877</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg/22px-Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>87</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_cm_Feldkanone_M_75/96" title="9 cm Feldkanone M 75/96">9 cm Feldkanone M 75/96</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>90</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bange_90mm_cannon" title="De Bange 90mm cannon">De Bange 90mm cannon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>1877- World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>95</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahitolle_95_mm_cannon" title="Lahitolle 95 mm cannon">Lahitolle 95 mm cannon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>1875- World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>95.3</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL_20_pounder_Armstrong_gun" title="RBL 20 pounder Armstrong gun">RBL 20 pounder Armstrong gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>1860s-1870s</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>100</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_mm_field_gun_M1944_%28BS-3%29" title="100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)">100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>104</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10.4_cm_Feldkanone_M._15" title="10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15">10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CALIV_Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n_Liviano_105L39&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CALIV Cañón Liviano 105L39 (page does not exist)">CALIV Cañón Liviano 105L39</a> 105 mm Helitransportable Light Gun</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>In development</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_105_mle_1913_Schneider" title="Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider">Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_105_mod%C3%A8le_1925/27_Schneider" title="Canon de 105 modèle 1925/27 Schneider">Canon de 105 modèle 1925/27 Schneider</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_105_mod%C3%A8le_1930_Schneider" title="Canon de 105 modèle 1930 Schneider">Canon de 105 modèle 1930 Schneider</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_105_L_mle_1936_Schneider" title="Canon de 105 L mle 1936 Schneider">Canon de 105 L mle 1936 Schneider</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_%26_Light_Field_Gun&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Indian & Light Field Gun (page does not exist)">Indian & Light Field Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>Modern</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_14_10_cm_Cannon" title="Type 14 10 cm Cannon">Type 14 10 cm Cannon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Sino-Japanese_War" title="2nd Sino-Japanese War">2nd Sino-Japanese War</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_38_10_cm_Cannon" title="Type 38 10 cm Cannon">Type 38 10 cm Cannon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Sino-Japanese_War" title="2nd Sino-Japanese War">2nd Sino-Japanese War</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_92_10_cm_Cannon" title="Type 92 10 cm Cannon">Type 92 10 cm Cannon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Sino-Japanese_War" title="2nd Sino-Japanese War">2nd Sino-Japanese War</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_cm_K_04" title="10 cm K 04">10 cm K 04</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_cm_K_14" title="10 cm K 14">10 cm K 14</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_cm_K_17" title="10 cm K 17">10 cm K 17</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10_cm_sK_18&action=edit&redlink=1" title="10 cm sK 18 (page does not exist)">10 cm sK 18</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L118_Light_Gun" title="L118 Light Gun">L118 Light Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>Modern</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG1" title="LG1">LG-1 Light Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>Modern</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td>Bofors <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10.5_cm_Cannon_Model_1927" title="10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927">10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td>Bofors <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10.5_cm_kanon_m/34" title="10.5 cm kanon m/34">10.5 cm kanon m/34</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10.5_cm_hruby_kanon_vz._35" title="10.5 cm hruby kanon vz. 35">10.5 cm hruby kanon vz. 35</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>107</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42_line_gun_M1877" title="42 line gun M1877">42 line gun M1877</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg/22px-Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>107</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107_mm_gun_M1910" title="107 mm gun M1910">107 mm gun M1910</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg/22px-Russian_Empire_1914_17.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>107</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107_mm_gun_M1910/30" title="107 mm gun M1910/30">107 mm gun M1910/30</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>107</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107_mm_divisional_gun_M1940_%28M-60%29" title="107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60)">107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>114</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_4.5_inch_Gun" title="BL 4.5 inch Gun">4.5 inch Mk II Medium</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>114</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.5_inch_Gun_M1" title="4.5 inch Gun M1">4.5 inch Gun M1</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>120</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_12_cm_M._14" title="Bofors 12 cm M. 14">Bofors 12 cm M. 14</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>120</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canone_de_120_L_mle_1931" title="Canone de 120 L mle 1931">Canone de 120 L mle 1931</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>120</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_4.7_inch_Gun_Mk_I_-_IV" title="QF 4.7 inch Gun Mk I - IV">QF 4.7 inch Gun Mk I - IV</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> / World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>120</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.7_inch_Gun_M1906" title="4.7 inch Gun M1906">4.7 inch Gun M1906</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>122</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/122_mm_gun_M1931_%28A-19%29" title="122 mm gun M1931 (A-19)">122 mm gun M1931 (A-19)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>122</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/122_mm_gun_M1931/37_%28A-19%29" title="122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)">122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>127</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_60_pounder_gun" title="BL 60 pounder gun">BL 60 pounder gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>130</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/130_mm_towed_field_gun_M1954_%28M-46%29" title="130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)">130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>Cold War</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>130</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_59_field_gun" title="Type 59 field gun">Type 59 field gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></td> <td>Cold War</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>135</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp_13.5_cm_FK_1909" title="Krupp 13.5 cm FK 1909">Krupp 13.5 cm FK 1909</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>140</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_5.5_inch_Gun" title="BL 5.5 inch Gun">BL 5.5 inch Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>149.1</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_149/35_A" title="Cannone da 149/35 A">Cannone da 149/35 A</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>149.1</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_149/40_modello_35" title="Cannone da 149/40 modello 35">Cannone da 149/40 modello 35</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>149.1</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_K-series" title="Skoda K-series">Skoda K-series</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>149.1</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_Model_1928_Gun" title="Skoda Model 1928 Gun">Skoda Model 1928 Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>149.1</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm_L/40_Feldkanone_i.R." title="15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R.">15 cm L/40 Feldkanone i.R.</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>149.1</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm_Kanone_18" title="15 cm Kanone 18">15 cm Kanone 18</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>149.1</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm_Kanone_39" title="15 cm Kanone 39">15 cm Kanone 39</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>149.1</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_89_15_cm_Cannon" title="Type 89 15 cm Cannon">Type 89 15 cm Cannon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Sino-Japanese_War" title="2nd Sino-Japanese War">2nd Sino-Japanese War</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>149.3</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm_Kanone_16" title="15 cm Kanone 16">15 cm Kanone 16</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td> <td>1917–1945</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152.4</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm_Autokanone_M._15/16" title="15 cm Autokanone M. 15/16">15 cm Autokanone M. 15/16</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152.4</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_152/45" title="Cannone da 152/45">Cannone da 152/45</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152.4</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_6_inch_Mk_VII_naval_gun" title="BL 6 inch Mk VII naval gun">BL 6 inch Mk VII naval gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152.4</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_6_inch_Gun_Mk_19" title="BL 6 inch Gun Mk 19">BL 6 inch Gun Mk 19</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War I / World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152.4</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/152_mm_gun_M1910/30" title="152 mm gun M1910/30">152 mm gun M1910/30</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152.4</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/152_mm_gun_M1910/34" title="152 mm gun M1910/34">152 mm gun M1910/34</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152.4</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/152_mm_gun_M1935_%28Br-2%29" title="152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2)">152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2)</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152.4</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/152_mm_gun_2A36" title="152 mm gun 2A36">152 mm gun 2A36 Giatsint-B</a> / M1976</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>Cold War</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_155_GPF" title="Canon de 155 GPF">Canon de 155 GPF</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>World War I World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canone_de_155_L_mle_1924" title="Canone de 155 L mle 1924">Canone de 155 L mle 1924</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/155_mm_Long_Tom" title="155 mm Long Tom">155-mm Gun M1 / M2 / M59 Long Tom</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITER_155mm_L33_Gun" title="CITER 155mm L33 Gun">CITEFA Model 77</a> 155 mm L33 gun</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>Modern</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n_155_mm._L_45_CALA_30" title="Cañón 155 mm. L 45 CALA 30">CALA 30</a> 155 mm L45 gun</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>Modern</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norinco_WAC-021&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Norinco WAC-021 (page does not exist)">Norinco WAC-021</a> / W132 / PZL-45</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_von_Wahrendorff" title="Martin von Wahrendorff">Wahrendorff gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>pre–World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>173</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_cm_Kanone_18_in_M%C3%B6rserlafette" title="17 cm Kanone 18 in Mörserlafette">17 cm Kanone 18 in Mörserlafette</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>180</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180_mm_gun_S-23" title="180 mm gun S-23">180 mm gun S-23</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>Cold War</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>203</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_inch_Gun_M1" title="8 inch Gun M1">8 inch Gun M1</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>World War II</td></tr>
</tbody></table><table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_1" style="font-size: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr><th width="12%"></th><th width="44%"><br />
</th><th width="22%"></th> <th width="22%"><br />
</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_GMC" title="M3 GMC">T12/M3 75 mm GMC</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerer_Panzersp%C3%A4hwagen" title="Schwerer Panzerspähwagen">SdKfz 234</a>/3 <i>schwerer Panzerspähwagen (7.5cm)</i></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SdKfz_250" title="SdKfz 250">SdKfz 250</a>/8 <i>leichter Schützenpanzerwagen (7.5cm)</i></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>75</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SdKfz_251" title="SdKfz 251">SdKfz 251</a>/9 <i>mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen (7.5cm)</i></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nazi_Germany_%281933-1945%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SU-12&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SU-12 (page does not exist)">SU-12</a> 76.2 mm gun truck</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>1932–35</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26A" title="T-26A">T-26A</a> artillery support tank</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>pre–World War II (few built)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT-5A" title="BT-5A">BT-5A</a> artillery support tank</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>pre–World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT-7A" title="BT-7A">BT-7A</a> artillery support tank</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>pre–World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>76.2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-76" title="SU-76">SU-76</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>84</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_gun" title="Birch gun">Birch gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>1920s</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FV433_Abbot_SPG" title="FV433 Abbot SPG">FV433 Abbot</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>149</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semovente_149/40" title="Semovente 149/40">Semovente 149/40</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>World War II</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>152</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_Carrier_Mark_I" title="Gun Carrier Mark I">Gun Carrier Mark I</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>World War I</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandkanon_1A" title="Bandkanon 1A">Bandkanon 1A</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M40_Gun_Motor_Carriage" title="M40 Gun Motor Carriage">155mm Gun Motor Carriage M40</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M53_155mm_Self-Propelled_Gun" title="M53 155mm Self-Propelled Gun">M53 155mm Self-Propelled Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Line-of-Sight_Cannon" title="Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon">XM1203 NLOS Cannon</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems" title="Future Combat Systems">Future Combat Systems</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norinco_SP_Gun&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Norinco SP Gun (page does not exist)">Norinco SP Gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLZ-45" title="PLZ-45">PLZ-45</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhim_T-6_self-propelled_gun&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bhim T-6 self-propelled gun (page does not exist)">Bhim T-6 self-propelled gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern" title="Modern">Modern</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>155</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAM_VCA" title="TAM VCA">TAM VCA</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern" title="Modern">Modern</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>175</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M107_Self-Propelled_Gun" title="M107 Self-Propelled Gun">M107</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>194</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_194_mle_GPF" title="Canon de 194 mle GPF">Canon de 194 mle GPF</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> - 1930s</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>203</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T92_Howitzer_Motor_Carriage" title="T92 Howitzer Motor Carriage">8in Gun Motor Carriage T93</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>post <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td>240</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T92_Howitzer_Motor_Carriage" title="T92 Howitzer Motor Carriage">T92 Howitzer Motor Carriage</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>post <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-89322527265039996192011-08-29T08:50:00.000-07:002011-08-29T08:50:37.986-07:00ANCIENT WEAPON<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hand_or_Fist_Weapons_and_Fans">Hand or Fist Weapons and Fans</span></h3>Single handed weapons not resembling a straight dagger blade, usually wielded without wrist action, often protects the forearm.<br />
<table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_0" style="font-size: 90%; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr> <th>Name<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> <th>Area<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> <th>Date<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> <th><a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauntlet_%28gloves%29" title="Gauntlet (gloves)">Gauntlets</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_knuckles" title="Brass knuckles">Brass Knuckles, Knuckle Dusters</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestus" title="Cestus">Cestus</a>, Caestus, Bladed Cestus, Myrmex, Sphairai</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Mediterranean</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_fan" title="Japanese war fan">Tessen, Iron Fan</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Japan</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_fighting_fan" title="Korean fighting fan">Korean Fan, Mu Puche, Tempered Birch Fan</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Korea</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekagi-shuko" title="Tekagi-shuko">Tekagi-shuko, Neko-te</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Japan</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_and_fire_wheels" title="Wind and fire wheels">Wind and fire wheels</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">China</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Horn_Knives" title="Deer Horn Knives">Deer Horn Knives</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">China</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Finger Knife</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% chocolate;">Africa<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekko" title="Tekko">Tekko</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Japan</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagh_nakh" title="Bagh nakh">Bagh nakh</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">South Asia</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pata_%28weapon%29" title="Pata (weapon)">Pata, Sword Gauntlet</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">South Asia</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katara_%28sword%29" title="Katara (sword)">Katara, Suwaiya</a> (कटार)</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">South Asia</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_dagger" title="Push dagger">Push dagger</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">India</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Nyepel, Larim Fighting Bracelet</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% chocolate;">Africa<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madu" title="Madu">Madu, Maru, Buckhorn Parrying Stick</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">South Asia<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Indian Parrying Weapon</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">India<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Scissor" title="Roman Scissor">Roman Scissor</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Mediterranean</td> <td><br />
</td> <td>Not well attested. May have been a semicircular blade affixed to the end of a metal cylinder encasing the forearm.</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bladed">Bladed</span></h3>Thrusting and Slicing weapons for close quarters melee.<br />
<h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Shortswords"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortsword" title="Shortsword">Shortswords</a></span></h4>Delineated as 20-28 inches/51–71 cm total length.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hiltweapons_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-hiltweapons-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h5><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Straight_Shortswords">Straight Shortswords</span></h5><table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_1" style="font-size: 90%; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr> <th>Name<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th><th>Area<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> <th>Date<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> <th>Note<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td>Bronze/Iron Sword, Celtic Sword, Celtic Dagger, Leaf-Shaped Sword, Leaf-Shaped Dagger</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anelace" title="Anelace">Anelace</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquedea" title="Cinquedea">Cinquedea</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanjali" title="Khanjali">Khanjali, Khanjarli, Quama, Kinjal, Kama, Ottoman Quama, Cossack Dagger</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% sandybrown;">Middle East<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbo_%28sword%29" title="Bilbo (sword)">Bilbo</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colichemarde" title="Colichemarde">Colichemarde</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_sword" title="Small sword">Small sword</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misericorde_%28weapon%29" title="Misericorde (weapon)">Misericorde</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselard" title="Baselard">Baselard, Basilard</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselard" title="Baselard">Swiss Dagger, Schweizerdegen, Holbein Dagger</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius">Gladius</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Europe, Mediterranean</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% peachpuff;">Mediterranean</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h5><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Curved_Shortswords">Curved Shortswords</span></h5><table class="wikitable sortable" id="sortable_table_id_2" style="font-size: 90%; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr> <th>Name<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> <th>Area<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th><th>Date<a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> <th><a class="sortheader" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#"><span class="sortarrow"></span></a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td>Barong</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Southeast Asia</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Talibon</td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Southeast Asia</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinuti" title="Pinuti">Pinuti</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Southeast Asia</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikuchi" title="Aikuchi">Haikuchi, Aikuchi</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Japan</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodachi" title="Kodachi">Kodachi</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Japan</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisakatana" title="Chisakatana">Chisakatana</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Japan</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikomizue" title="Shikomizue">Shikomizue</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Japan</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakizashi" title="Wakizashi">Wakizashi</a></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% khaki;">Japan</td> <td><br />
</td> <td><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h4><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Swords">Swords</span></h4><br />
Long swords were classified by Col. Gordon as longer than 28 inches/71 cm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hiltweapons_0-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-hiltweapons-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h5><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Curved_one-handed_swords">Curved one-handed swords</span></h5><ul><li>Kastane (Southeast Asia))</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falchion" title="Falchion">Falchion</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dao_%28sword%29" title="Dao (sword)">Dao, Zhibei dao, Beidao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanmaodao" title="Yanmaodao">Yanmaodao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuyedao" title="Liuyedao">Liuyedao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dha_%28sword%29" title="Dha (sword)">Dha</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutlass" title="Cutlass">Cutlass</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dussack" title="Dussack">Dussack, Dusack, Dysack, Dusagge, Dusegge, Dusegg, Disackn, Tesak, Tuseckn, Thuseckn</a> (European, debated, although some list this weapon only as a wooden practice sword, others state that there are real, metal examples)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanger_%28weapon%29" title="Hanger (weapon)">Hanger, Hangar</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backsword" title="Backsword">Backsword</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Hunting sword</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fes_Messer" title="Großes Messer">Großmesser, Hiebmesser</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmesser" title="Kriegsmesser">Langes messer, Kriegsmesser</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizers%C3%A4bel" title="Schweizersäbel">Schweizersäbel</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">Briquet</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">Sabre</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabela" title="Karabela">Karabela</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabla" title="Szabla">Szabla</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashka" title="Shashka">Shashka</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talwar" title="Talwar">Talwar</a> (Middle Eastern)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif" title="Saif">Saif</a> (Middle Eastern)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimcha" title="Nimcha">Nimcha</a> (African)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilij" title="Kilij">Kilij</a> (Middle Eastern)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scimitar" title="Scimitar">Scimitar</a> (Middle Eastern)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamshir" title="Shamshir">Shamshir</a> (Middle Eastern)</li>
<li>Ayudha Katti (South and Southeast Asian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piandao" title="Piandao">Piandao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulwar" title="Pulwar">Pulwar</a> (Middle Eastern)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluke_sword" title="Mameluke sword">Mameluke</a>(Middle Eastern)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klewang" title="Klewang">Klewang</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampilan" title="Kampilan">Kampilan</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi_%28sword%29" title="Krabi (sword)">Krabi</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
</ul><h5><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Straight_one-handed_swords">Straight one-handed swords</span></h5><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatha" title="Spatha">Spatha</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arming_sword" title="Arming sword">Arming Sword, War Sword</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katzbalger" title="Katzbalger">Katzbalger</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadroon" title="Spadroon">Spadroon</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyssa" title="Flyssa">Flyssa</a> (African)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_%28sword%29" title="Ida (sword)">Ida</a> (African)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoba" title="Takoba">Takoba</a> (African)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jian" title="Jian">Jian</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li>Tibetan Jian (Middle Asian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saingeom" title="Saingeom">Saingeom</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavona" title="Schiavona">Schiavona</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espada_ropera" title="Espada ropera">Espada ropera</a> (European)</li>
<li>Firangi, Firanghi (Central Asian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-sword" title="Side-sword">Sidesword</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epee" title="Epee">Epee</a> (European - although now a fencing practice weapon, originally was a stiff, heavy, triangular-bladed thrusting sword weighing about 30oz)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knives.2C_Swords_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-Knives.2C_Swords-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapier" title="Rapier">Rapier</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame-bladed_sword" title="Flame-bladed sword">Flamberge</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longsword" title="Longsword">Longsword, Grootzwaard, Langschwert, Spadone, Spada Longa (Lunga), Montante</a>(European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoc" title="Estoc">Estoc</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_sword" title="Mortuary sword">Mortuary sword</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadsword" title="Broadsword">Broadsword, Basket-hilted Sword, Heavy Cavalry Sword</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskara" title="Kaskara">Kaskara</a> (African)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwandudaedo" title="Hwandudaedo">Hwandudaedo</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanda_%28sword%29" title="Khanda (sword)">Khanda</a> (South Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymore" title="Claymore">Claymore</a> (European)</li>
<li>Malibar Coast Sword (Southeast Asian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurugi" title="Tsurugi">Tsurugi</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokuto" title="Chokuto">Chokuto</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninjato" title="Ninjato">Ninjato</a> (Japanese)</li>
</ul><h5><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Curved_two-handed_swords">Curved two-handed swords</span></h5><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonto" title="Nihonto">Nihonto</a> (Japanese) Classification?</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">Katana</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotanuki" title="Dotanuki">Dotanuki</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panabas" title="Panabas">Panabas</a> (Filipino)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachi" title="Tachi">Tachi</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchigatana" title="Uchigatana">Uchigatana</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_dao" title="Miao dao">Miao dao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandao" title="Nandao">Nandao</a> (Chinese)</li>
</ul><h5><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hand-and-a-Half_and_Two-handed_Greatswords">Hand-and-a-Half and Two-handed Greatswords</span></h5><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_sword" title="Bastard sword">Bastard Sword, Espée Bastarde, Hand-and-a-half Sword</a> (European)</li>
<li>Highland Sword, Claidheamh Da Laimh (European)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Boar Sword (European)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Assamese Dao (Indian,Southeast Asian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagamaki" title="Nagamaki">Nagamaki, Nagamaki Sword (attached to sword handle, as opposed to the polearm)</a> (Japanese) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knives.2C_Swords_2_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-Knives.2C_Swords_2-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanbato" title="Zanbato">Zanbato</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodachi" title="Nodachi">Nodachi</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odachi" title="Odachi">Otachi</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changdao_%28sword%29" title="Changdao (sword)">Changdao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodao" title="Wodao">Wodao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okatana" title="Okatana">Okatana</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhanmadao" title="Zhanmadao">Zhanmadao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadao" title="Dadao">Dadao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li>Espadon (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatsword" title="Greatsword">Greatsword</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweih%C3%A4nder" title="Zweihänder">Bihander, Dopplehänder, Doppelhander, Zweihander, Tuck, Two Handed Sword, Lowland Sword</a> (European)</li>
<li>Paratschwerter, Parade Sword (European) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame-bladed_sword" title="Flame-bladed sword">Flambard, Flammard, Flammenschwert</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executioner%27s_sword" title="Executioner's sword">Executioner's Sword, Sword of Justice, Heading Sword</a> (European)</li>
</ul><h5><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Axe-like_swords">Axe-like swords</span></h5>Generally concave blades with the sharpened edge running the length of the non-handle part. Used for heavy, chopping motions.<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruval" title="Aruval">Aruval</a> (South Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpe" title="Harpe">Harpe</a>(Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappara" title="Sappara">Sappara, sickle-sword, Khopesh, Sicklesword</a> (Middle eastern)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falx" title="Falx">Sica, One-handed Dacian Falx</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">Machete, Vettukathi</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">Bolo / Itak</a>(Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhaira" title="Makhaira">Makhaira</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcata" title="Falcata">Falcata</a>(Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yataghan" title="Yataghan">Yatagan, Yataghan</a> (Middle Eastern)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kora_%28sword%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kora (sword) (page does not exist)">Kora</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li>Parang pandit (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li>Sosun Pattah (South Asian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><h5><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_swords">Other swords</span></h5><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_sword" title="Hook sword">Hook sword</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotel" title="Shotel">Shotel</a> (African)</li>
</ul><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Knives_and_daggers">Knives and daggers</span></h4><div class="rellink">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_daggers" title="List of daggers">List of daggers</a></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-move"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width: 52px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svg"><img alt="Mergefrom.svg" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" width="50" /></a></div></td> <td class="mbox-text">It has been suggested that <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_daggers" title="List of daggers">List of daggers</a></i> be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article or section. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_premodern_combat_weapons" title="Talk:List of premodern combat weapons">Discuss</a>) <small><i>Proposed since June 2011.</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h5><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Axe_knives">Axe knives</span></h5>Generally short, concave blades with the sharpened edge running the length of the non-handle part. Used for heavy chopping motions.<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karambit" title="Karambit">Karambit, Kerambit, Korambit</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golok" title="Golok">Golok</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukri" title="Kukri">Kukri, Khukri</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopis" title="Kopis">Kopis</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a> (Worldwide, improvised)</li>
<li>Sudanese Sickle-Knife (African)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arit" title="Arit">Arit</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li>Pichangatti (Indian)</li>
<li>Wedong (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li>Mandau (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li>Hunting Cleaver (European)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Pichangatti (Indian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujang" title="Kujang">Kujang</a> (Sudan)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Picks_and_Pickaxes">Picks and Pickaxes</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Sickles" title="Chicken Sickles">Chicken Sickles</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_%28weapon%29" title="Kama (weapon)">Kama</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattock" title="Mattock">Mattock</a> (European, improvised)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakapik" title="Hakapik">Hakapik</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">Pickaxe</a> (European, improvised)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankus" title="Ankus">Ankus, Ankusha, Elephant Goad, Elephant Hook, Bullhook</a> (South and Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_hammer" title="War hammer">War hammer</a> (European, also a blunt weapon)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowbill" title="Crowbill">Crowbill</a> (European, Central Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseman%27s_pick" title="Horseman's pick">Horseman's Pick, Martel de Fer</a> (European, also a blunt weapon)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Axes">Axes</span></h3><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> (Paleolithic)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovate_handaxe" title="Ovate handaxe">Ovate handaxe</a> (Paleolithic)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchet" title="Hatchet">Hatchet</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzappa_zap" title="Nzappa zap">Nzappa zap</a> (African, also thrown)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_%28axe%29" title="Tomahawk (axe)">Tomahawk</a> (Americas, also a thrown weapon)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_%28axe%29" title="Tomahawk (axe)">Spontoon Tomahawk</a> (Americas)</li>
<li>Congolese Ax (African)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabar_Zin" title="Tabar Zin">Tabar Zin</a> (Middle Eastern)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a> (European, improvised)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palstave" title="Palstave">Palstave</a> (European, Bronze Age, improvised)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-bearded_axe" title="Long-bearded axe">Long-bearded axe</a> (European)</li>
<li>Fu (Chinese)</li>
<li>Dahomey Axe Club (African, also an effective blunt weapon)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono_%28weapon%29" title="Ono (weapon)">Ono</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakari" title="Masakari">Masakari</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Axe" title="Battle Axe">Battle Axe</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">Broadaxe</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaris" title="Sagaris">Sagaris</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doloire" title="Doloire">Doloire</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala%C5%A1ka" title="Valaška">Valaška</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_weapon#Sparth" title="Pole weapon">Sparth Axe</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_axe" title="Danish axe">Shorter Danish Axe, Dane-axe, English Long Axe, Viking Axe, Hafted Axe</a> (European)</li>
<li>Bhuj, with blade shaped like the dagger on a long shaft<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Vechevoral (Middle Asian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Trauma_weapons_.28clubs.29">Trauma weapons (clubs)</span></h3>Wielded with one or two hands at close quarters with swinging motions.<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawara" title="Yawara">Yawara, Yawara-bo</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yubi-bo" title="Yubi-bo">Yubi-bo</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawara" title="Yawara">Pasak, Dulodulo</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurunthadi" title="Kurunthadi">Kurunthadi, Churuvadi, Muchan, Kuruvadi</a> (Indian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskrima" title="Eskrima">Eskrima Sticks, Straight Sticks</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjambok" title="Sjambok">Cambuk</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Clubbing Boomerang</a> (Worldwide)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungu_%28weapon%29" title="Rungu (weapon)">Rungu</a> (African, also ranged)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambo_%28weapon%29" title="Tambo (weapon)">Tambo, Tanbo</a> (Okinawan)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbo" title="Hanbo">Hanbo</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otta_%28weapon%29" title="Otta (weapon)">Otta</a> (Central Asian)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillelagh_%28weapon%29" title="Shillelagh (weapon)">Shillelagh</a> (Irish)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_canne" title="La canne">La canne</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knobkierrie" title="Knobkierrie">Knobkierie, Knopkierie, Knobkerry</a> (African)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_%28weapon%29" title="Club (weapon)">Stone Club</a> (Worldwide)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_%28weapon%29" title="Club (weapon)">Club, Cudgel, Bludgeon, Truncheon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutte" title="Jutte">Jutte, Jitte</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonfa" title="Tonfa">Tonfa</a> (Okinawan)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mere_%28weapon%29" title="Mere (weapon)">Mere</a> (New Zealand)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patu" title="Patu">Meremere</a> (New Zealand)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patu" title="Patu">Kotiate</a> (New Zealand)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklys" title="Aklys">Aklys</a> (Origin unknown)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddy" title="Waddy">Waddy, Nulla Nulla</a> (Australian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macana" title="Macana">Macana</a> (Americas)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuahuitl" title="Macuahuitl">Macuahuitl, Maquahuitl</a> (Americas)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patu" title="Patu">Patu, Patuki</a> (New Zealand)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewhatewha" title="Tewhatewha">Tewhatewha</a> (New Zealand)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekkan" title="Tekkan">Tekkan</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi" title="Chúi">Chúi</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li>Mughal Mace (Central Asian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Gurz, Ottoman Gurz (Middle Eastern) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_%28club%29" title="Mace (club)">Mace</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scepter" title="Scepter">Short Scepter, Mace Scepter</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_%28club%29" title="Mace (club)">Flanged mace</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mace_%28club%29" title="Mace (club)">Spiked Mace</a> (European, Middle Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_star_%28weapon%29" title="Morning star (weapon)">Morning star, Goedendag, Holy Water Sprinkler</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A7on_a_picot" title="Plançon a picot">Planson, Plançon a picot</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead_%28weapon%29" title="Roundhead (weapon)">Roundhead</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanabo" title="Kanabo">Kanabo</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_hammer" title="War hammer">War hammer</a> (European, also a pickaxe weapon)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseman%27s_pick" title="Horseman's pick">Horseman's Pick, Horseman's Hammer, Martel de Fer</a> (European, also a pickaxe weapon)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a> (improvised)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledgehammer" title="Sledgehammer">Maul, Sledgehammer</a> (European improvised)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsuchi" title="Otsuchi">Otsuchi</a> (Japanese)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Staffs.2C_sticks.2C_and_Polearms"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_%28stick%29" title="Staff (stick)">Staffs, sticks</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_weapon" title="Pole weapon">Polearms</a></span></h3>Wielded with mainly with two hands, primarily for melee in sweeping, hooking, and thrusting motions. Throwing Javelins and Spears listed under Ranged, Thrown, Javelins & Spears. Organized from most axelike to most blunt or club like (poleaxe to Jo)<br />
<h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Staves">Staves</span></h4><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8D" title="Jō">Jō</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2ton_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Bâton français">Bâton français</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8D" title="Bō">Bō</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterstaff" title="Quarterstaff">Quarterstaff</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboot" title="Naboot">Naboot, Nabboot, Asaya, Asa, Shoum</a> (Middle Eastern)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_%28staff%29" title="Gun (staff)">Gun (staff)</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathi" title="Lathi">Lathi</a> (Indian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eku" title="Eku">Eku</a> (Okinawan)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiaha" title="Taiaha">Taiaha</a> (New Zealand)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareeravadi" title="Shareeravadi">Shareeravadi</a> (Middle Asian)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Polearms">Polearms</span></h3><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Spears"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spears</a></span></h4><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibat" title="Sibat">Sibat, Bangkaw, Sumbling, Palupad</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasta_%28spear%29" title="Hasta (spear)">Hasta</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period_spear" title="Migration Period spear">Framea, Ger, Gar, Geirr, Gaizaz, Migration Period Spear</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dory_Spear" title="Dory Spear">Dory Spear, Doru</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiang_%28spear%29" title="Qiang (spear)">Qiang (spear)</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari" title="Yari">Yari</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoko" title="Hoko">Hoko</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li>Saintie (Middle Asian) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">Jukjangchangbo</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">Toupjang</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">Chichang</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandistock" title="Brandistock">Brandistock, Buttafuore, Feather Staff</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordstaff" title="Swordstaff">Swordstaff</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">Yangjimochang</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranseur" title="Ranseur">Runka, Rawcon, Ranseur</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spetum" title="Spetum">Spetum</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_%28weapon%29" title="Pike (weapon)">Pike</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlspiess" title="Ahlspiess">Ahlspiess, Awl Pike</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">Lance</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">Dongyemochang</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atgeir" title="Atgeir">Atgeir</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork" title="Pitchfork">Pitchfork</a> (improvised)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">Trident</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaulion" title="Menaulion">Menaulion</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a> (Indian, Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">DaiJiChang</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">Sabarichang</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangpa-chang" title="Dangpa-chang">Dangpa-chang</a> (Korean, may also be thrown)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">Nangsun</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_fork" title="Military fork">Military fork</a> (European)</li>
</ul><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Polearms_with_axe-like_blades">Polearms with axe-like blades</span></h4><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepoztopilli" title="Tepoztopilli">Tepoztopilli</a> (Americas)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">Nulbjakchang</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox_tongue_spear" title="Ox tongue spear">Ox tongue spear</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_%28weapon%29" title="Partisan (weapon)">Partisan, Partizan</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk%27s_Spade" title="Monk's Spade">Monk's Spade</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandasa" title="Gandasa">Gandasa</a> (South Asian, improvised)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_axe" title="Danish axe">Longer Danish Axe, Dane-axe, English Long Axe, Viking Axe, Hafted Axe</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochaber_Axe" title="Lochaber Axe">Lochaber Axe</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardiche" title="Bardiche">Bardiche</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollaxe_%28Polearm%29" title="Pollaxe (Polearm)">Pollaxe, Poleaxe</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bec_de_Corbin" title="Bec de Corbin">Bec de Faucon</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_%28halberd%29" title="Ji (halberd)">Ji</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li>Tongi, Two pointed, Four Pointed Tongi (South Asian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbir" title="Arbir">Arbir</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacing_staff" title="Chacing staff">Chacing staff</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">Halberd</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guisarme" title="Guisarme">Guisarme</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauchard" title="Fauchard">Fauchard</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voulge" title="Voulge">Voulge</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">Galgorichang</a> (Korean)* <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%28weapon%29" title="Bill (weapon)">Bill, English Bill, Bill Hook, Bill-Guisarme</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_catcher" title="Man catcher">Man catcher</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaw" title="Ngaw">Ngaw</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodegarami" title="Sodegarami">Sodegarami</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukub%C5%8D" title="Tsukubō">Tsukubō</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasumata" title="Sasumata">Sasumata</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagger-axe" title="Dagger-axe">Dagger-Axe, Ko</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaive" title="Glaive">Glaive</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudao" title="Pudao">Pudao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_dao" title="Guan dao">Guan (Kwan) Dao</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naginata" title="Naginata">Naginata</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisento" title="Bisento">Bisento</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagamaki" title="Nagamaki">Long-handled Nagamaki</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falx" title="Falx">Two-handed Dacian Falx</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhomphaia" title="Rhomphaia">Rhomphaia</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">Scythe</a> (improvised)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War-scythe" title="War-scythe">War-scythe</a></li>
</ul><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Polearms_with_spikes_and_hammers">Polearms with spikes and hammers</span></h4><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bec_de_Corbin" title="Bec de Corbin">Bec de Corbin</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne_hammer" title="Lucerne hammer">Lucerne hammer</a> (European)</li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ranged">Ranged</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Thrown">Thrown</span></h3><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Spears_and_Javelins"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spears</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin_%28weapon%29" title="Javelin (weapon)">Javelins</a></span></h4>All could be used as polearm spears, but were designed and primarily used for throwing.<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai, Assagai</a> (African)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verutum" title="Verutum">Verutum</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancea" title="Lancea">Lancea</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin_%28weapon%29" title="Javelin (weapon)">Javelin</a> (Mediterranean</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">Pilum</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliferrum" title="Soliferrum">Soliferrum, Soliferreum, Saunion</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiculum" title="Spiculum">Spiculum</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angon" title="Angon">Angon</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">Harpoon</a> (Worldwide)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falarica" title="Falarica">Falarica, Phalarica</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spears" title="Korean spears">Jangchang</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlatl" title="Atlatl">Atlatl and Darts</a> (Americas, Paleolithic cultures)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woomera_%28spear-thrower%29" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">Woomera, Amirre</a> (Australian)</li>
</ul><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Throwing_Sticks"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwing_Stick" title="Throwing Stick">Throwing Sticks</a></span></h4><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> (Australian, Worldwide)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungu_%28weapon%29" title="Rungu (weapon)">Rungu</a> (African)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knobkierrie" title="Knobkierrie">Knobkerrie, Knopkierie, Knobkerry</a> (African, also a blunt weapon)</li>
</ul><h4><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Throwing_Blades_and_Darts">Throwing Blades and Darts</span></h4><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwing_knife" title="Throwing knife">Throwing knife</a> (Worldwide)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuriken" title="Shuriken">Hira-Shuriken, Throwing Stars</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken" title="Shaken">Shaken, Kurumaken</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakram" title="Chakram">Chakram</a> (Indian, Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuriken" title="Shuriken">Bo-Shuriken, Throwing Spikes</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_%28missile%29" title="Dart (missile)">Thrown Darts</a> (Worldwide)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plumbata_%28dart%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Plumbata (dart) (page does not exist)">Plumbata, Martiobarbuli</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
</ul><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Throwing_Axes"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwing_axe" title="Throwing axe">Throwing Axes</a></span></h4>All could be used also as axe weapons, but were specifically designed for throwing.<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlbat" title="Hurlbat">Hurlbat, Whirlbat</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisca" title="Francisca">Francisca, Francesca</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzappa_zap" title="Nzappa zap">Nzappa zap</a> (African)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_%28axe%29" title="Tomahawk (axe)">Tomahawk</a> (Americas, also an axe weapon)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunga_Munga" title="Hunga Munga">Hunga Munga, Danisco, Goleyo, Njiga</a> (African)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bows"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28weapon%29" title="Bow (weapon)">Bows</a></span></h3><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Longbows"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">Longbows</a></span></h4><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English Longbow, Welsh longbow, Warbow</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbow" title="Flatbow">Flatbow</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">Yumi</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflex_bow" title="Deflex bow">Deflex bow</a> (sub-category)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decurve_bow" title="Decurve bow">Decurve bow</a> (sub-category)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_bow" title="Self bow">Self bow</a> (sub-category)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">Daikyu</a> (Japanese)</li>
</ul><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Recurved_Bows"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">Recurved Bows</a></span></h4><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_bow" title="Hungarian bow">Hungarian bow</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perso-Parthian_bow" title="Perso-Parthian bow">Perso-Parthian bow</a> (Middle Eastern)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Bow" title="Composite Bow">Composite Bow</a> (sub-category)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-backed_bow" title="Cable-backed bow">Cable-backed bow</a> (sub-category)</li>
</ul><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Short_Bows_and_Reflex_Bows"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_bow" title="Short bow">Short Bows</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_bow" title="Reflex bow">Reflex Bows</a></span></h4><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_bow" title="Mongol bow">Mongol bow</a> (Eastern European, Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_bow" title="Turkish bow">Turkish bow</a> (Eastern European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_bow" title="Korean bow">Korean Bow, Hwal</a> (Korean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">hankyu</a> (Japanese)</li>
</ul><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Crossbows"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbows</a></span></h4><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Pistol Crossbow, Small Crossbow</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a> (European, Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_Lockbow" title="Skåne Lockbow">Skåne Lockbow</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbalest" title="Arbalest">Arbalest, Arblast</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastraphetes" title="Gastraphetes">Gastraphetes</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li>Bullet Bow, English Bullet Bow, Pellet Crossbow (European)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>German Stone Bow (European)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_crossbow" title="Repeating crossbow">Repeating Crossbow, Chu-ko-nu, Zhuge Nu</a> (Chinese)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span></h3><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun, Blowpipe, Blow Tube</a> (Worldwide)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukiya" title="Fukiya">Fukiya</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_%28weapon%29" title="Sling (weapon)">Sling</a> (Paleolithic, Mediterranean, European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_%28weapon%29" title="Sling (weapon)">Stave Sling, Fustibale</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestros" title="Kestros">Kestros, Kestrophedrone, Cestrus, Cestrosphendone</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">Bolas</a> (Americas)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manriki" title="Manriki">Manriki</a> (Japanese)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_premodern_combat_weapons&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Incendiary">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Incendiary">Incendiary</span></h3><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock, Wheel-lock, Wheel Lock</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaplock" title="Snaplock">Snaplock</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaphance" title="Snaphance">Snaphance</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doglock" title="Doglock">Doglock</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">Matchlock</a> (pre-18th century) versions of the</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a> (Chinese, European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">Long gun</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_Huo_Qiang" title="Tu Huo Qiang">Tu Huo Qiang</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">Blunderbuss, Donderbus</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">Arquebus, Harquebus, Harkbus, Hackbut</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">Carbine</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huochong" title="Huochong">Huochong</a> (Chinese).</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a> (European)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_Cannon" title="Hand Cannon">Hand Cannon</a> (Chinese, European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribauldequin" title="Ribauldequin">Rabauld, Ribault, Ribaudkin, Organ Gun</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">Fire lance</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliver" title="Caliver">Caliver</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">Culverin</a> (European)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Composite_projectile_weapons">Composite projectile weapons</span></h3>Having a built in gun or ranged weapon combined with some other type of weapon.<br />
<ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_Sword" title="Pistol Sword">Pistol Sword</a> (European Sword)</li>
<li>Mace Wheellock (European Mace)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>War Hammer Wheellock (European Pick/Hammer)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Halberd Double Barreled Wheellock (European Halberd)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Matchlock Ax/Dagger (European Axe, Dagger, Matchlock Combination)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Carbine Ax (European Axe)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Ax Match and Wheellock (European Axe with Five barrells under a removable blade)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Flexibles">Flexibles</span></h2>Used with whipping or swinging motions, sometimes attached to another type of weapon.<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumi" title="Urumi">Urumi, Chuttuval</a> (Indian)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">Smallwhips, Crops</a> (Worldwide)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjambok" title="Sjambok">Sjambok, Litupa, Imvubu, Kiboko, Mnigolo, Chicotte, Fimbo, Kurbash</a> (Africa)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyka" title="Nagyka">Nagyka</a> (Eastern European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullwhip" title="Bullwhip">Bullwhip, Stockwhip</a> (Worldwide)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_o%27_nine_tails" title="Cat o' nine tails">Cat o' nine tails</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knout" title="Knout">Knout</a> (Eastern Europe)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_whip" title="Chain whip">Chain whip</a>(Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_whip" title="Chain whip">Jiujiebian</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_whip" title="Chain whip">Qijiebian</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_whip" title="Chain whip">Samjitbin</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso" title="Lasso">Lasso, Lariat, Uurga</a> (Americas, Chinese)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sectional_or_Composite">Sectional or Composite</span></h3>Having multiple handles or holdable sections.<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunchaku" title="Nunchaku">Nunchaku</a> (Okinawan)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabak-Toyok" title="Tabak-Toyok">Tabak-Toyok, Chako</a> (Southeast Asian)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Section_Staff" title="Two Section Staff">Two Section Staff, Chang Xiao Ban</a> (Chinese, could also be considered a polearm)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_section_staff" title="Three section staff">Samjigun, Sansetsukon</a> (Chinese, Japanese, Okinawan)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Chain_Weapons"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_weapon" title="Chain weapon">Chain Weapons</a></span></h3>Having a heavy object attached to a flexible chain according to the article, as opposed to a flexible whip made of chain. Wielded by swinging, throwing, or projecting the end, as well as wrapping, striking, and blocking with the chain.<br />
<ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigriki" title="Chigriki">Chigiriki</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flail_%28weapon%29" title="Flail (weapon)">Flail, Fleau d'armes, kriegsflegel</a> (European)</li>
<li>Cumberjung, Flail with Quoits, Double-Ended Flail (Middle Asian)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-weapon_2-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_weapons#cite_note-weapon-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoketsu_shoge" title="Kyoketsu shoge">Kyoketsu shoge</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manriki-gusari" title="Manriki-gusari">Manriki-gusari, Manrikigusari</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusari-fundo" title="Kusari-fundo">Kusari-fundo</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusarigama" title="Kusarigama">Kusari-gama</a> (Japanese)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_Hammer" title="Meteor Hammer">Meteor Hammer, Sheng bao, Liu Xing Chui, Dai Chui, Flying Hammer, Dragon's Fist</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_dart" title="Rope dart">Rope Dart, Rope Javelin, Sheng Biao, Jouhyou</a> (Chinese, Japanese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_claws" title="Flying claws">Flying claws</a> (Chinese)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surujin" title="Surujin">Surujin, Suruchin</a> (Okinawan)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slungshot" title="Slungshot">Slungshot</a> (European, Chinese, Japanese, improvised, not to be confused with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingshot" title="Slingshot">slingshot</a>)</li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Shields"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">Shields</a></span></h2>Used not only to block strikes and missiles but also swung outwardly to strike an opponent or in quick upward motions, or used to rush an opponent (known as shield bashing). Some shields had spikes, sharp edges, or other offensive designs.<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckler" title="Buckler">Buckler</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspis" title="Aspis">Aspis, Hoplon</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutum_%28shield%29" title="Scutum (shield)">Oval Scutum</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_shield" title="Kite shield">Kite shield</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targe" title="Targe">Targe</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_shield" title="Hungarian shield">Hungarian shield</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heater_shield" title="Heater shield">Heater Shield, Heraldic Shield</a> (European)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuta" title="Scuta">Tower or Rectangular Scutum</a> (Mediterranean)</li>
<li>Ishlangu (African)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">Hide, Leather, Wickerwork, Ceremonial Shields</a> (Worldwide, Tribal)</li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-1619545146607506012011-08-29T08:42:00.000-07:002011-08-29T08:42:43.994-07:00NATOThe <b>North Atlantic Treaty Organization</b> or <b>NATO</b> <span lang="fr"><i><b>Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord</b> (<b>OTAN</b>)</i></span>), also called the <b>(North) Atlantic Alliance</b>, is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliance</a> based on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> and the organization constitutes a system of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_defence" title="Collective defence">collective defence</a> whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.<br />
For its first few years, NATO was not much more than a political association. However, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> galvanized the member states, and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two U.S. supreme commanders. The first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">NATO Secretary General</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay" title="Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay">Lord Ismay</a>, famously stated the organization's goal was "to keep the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Russians</a> out, the Americans in, and the Germans down".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion—doubts that led to the development of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_Force_%28France%29" title="Strike Force (France)">independent French nuclear deterrent</a> and the withdrawal of the French from NATO's military structure in 1966.<br />
After the fall of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1989, the organization became drawn into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> in the 1990s which resulted in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia" title="NATO intervention in Bosnia">NATO's first military operations in Bosnia from 1991 to 1995</a> and later <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force" title="Operation Allied Force">Yugoslavia in 1999</a>. Politically, the organisation sought better relations with former potential enemies to the east, which culminated with several former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> states joining the alliance in 1999 and 2004. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2001_attacks" title="September 2001 attacks">September 2001 attacks</a> signalled the only occasion in NATO's history that Article 5 of the NATO treaty has been invoked and consequently the 11 September attacks were deemed to be an attack on all 19 NATO members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> After 11 September, troops were deployed to Afghanistan under the NATO-led <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISAF" title="ISAF">ISAF</a> and the organization continues to operate in a range of roles sending <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="NATO Training Mission – Iraq">trainers to Iraq</a>, assisting in counter-piracy operations<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> and most recently enforced a NATO-led <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zone</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">over Libya</a> in 2011 in accordance with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">UN SC Resolution 1973</a>.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Plus_agreement" title="Berlin Plus agreement">Berlin Plus agreement</a> is a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on 16 December 2002. With this agreement the EU was given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act—the so-called "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_first_refusal" title="Right of first refusal">right of first refusal</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since February 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup> There are currently 28 member states of NATO, with the most recent being Albania and Croatia who joined in April 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" title="List of countries by military expenditures">the world's defence spending</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sipri1_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-sipri1-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The United States alone accounts for 43% of the total military spending of the world<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> and the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy account for a further 15%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sipri1_8-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-sipri1-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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</tbody></table><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Beginnings">Beginnings</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truman_signing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty.gif"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="175" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Truman_signing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty.gif/220px-Truman_signing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty.gif" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truman_signing_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty.gif" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949 and was ratified by the United States that August.</div></div></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Treaty of Brussels</a>, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, is considered the precursor to the NATO agreement. The treaty and the Soviet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> led to the creation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a>'s Defence Organization in September 1948.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> However, participation of the United States was thought necessary to counter the military power of the USSR, and talks for a new military alliance began almost immediately.<br />
These talks resulted in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a>, signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Popular support for the Treaty was not unanimous; some Icelanders commenced a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_anti-NATO_riot_in_Iceland" title="1949 anti-NATO riot in Iceland">pro-neutrality, anti-membership riot</a> in March 1949.<br />
The members agreed that an armed attack against any one of them in Europe or North America<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tropic_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-Tropic-11"><span>[</span>note 1<span>]</span></a></sup> would be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agreed that, if an armed attack occurred, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence, would assist the member being attacked, taking such action as it deemed necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.<br />
The treaty does not require members to respond militarily action against aggressor). Although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method. This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which clearly states that the response will be military in nature. It is nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily. Further, the North Atlantic Treaty limits the organization's scope to regions above the Tropic of Cancer,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tropic_11-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-Tropic-11"><span>[</span>note 1<span>]</span></a></sup> which explains why the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> did not result in NATO involvement.<br />
The creation of NATO brought about some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> of allied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_terminology" title="Military terminology">military terminology</a>, procedures, and technology, which in many cases meant European countries adopting U.S. practices. The roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STANAG" title="STANAG">STANAGs</a>) codifies the standardization that NATO has achieved. Hence, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.62x51mm_NATO" title="7.62x51mm NATO">7.62×51 NATO</a> rifle cartridge was introduced in the 1950s as a standard firearm cartridge among many NATO countries. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrique_Nationale_de_Herstal" title="Fabrique Nationale de Herstal">Fabrique Nationale de Herstal</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_FAL" title="FN FAL">FAL</a> became the most popular 7.62 NATO rifle in Europe and served into the early 1990s. Also, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_marshaling&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aircraft marshaling (page does not exist)">aircraft marshalling signals</a> were standardized, so that any NATO aircraft could land at any NATO base. Other standards such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet" title="NATO phonetic alphabet">NATO phonetic alphabet</a> have made their way beyond NATO into civilian use.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cold_War">Cold War</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div>The outbreak of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1950 was crucial for NATO as it raised the apparent threat level greatly (all Communist countries were suspected of working together) and forced the alliance to develop concrete military plans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> The 1952 Lisbon conference, seeking to provide the forces necessary for NATO's Long-Term Defence Plan, called for an expansion to 96 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_%28military%29" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>. However this requirement was dropped the following year to roughly 35 divisions with heavier use to be made of nuclear weapons. At this time, NATO could call on about 15 ready divisions in Central Europe, and another ten in Italy and Scandinavia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Also at Lisbon, the post of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">Secretary General of NATO</a> as the organization's chief civilian was also created, and Baron <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay" title="Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay">Hastings Ismay</a> eventually appointed to the post.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_German_Bundeswehr_1960.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="163" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/West_German_Bundeswehr_1960.jpg/220px-West_German_Bundeswehr_1960.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_German_Bundeswehr_1960.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The German Bundeswehr provided the largest element of the allied land forces guarding the frontier in Central Europe; 12 of 26 divisions in 1985.</div></div></div>In September 1952, the first major NATO maritime exercises began; <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mainbrace" title="Operation Mainbrace">Operation Mainbrace</a> brought together 200 ships and over 50,000 personnel to practice the defence of Denmark and Norway. Other major exercises that followed included <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam_%28NATO%29" title="Operation Grand Slam (NATO)">Operation Grand Slam</a>, NATO's first naval exercise in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, 'Mariner,' which involved <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> protection, naval control of shipping, and striking fleet operations in the North Atlantic, Italic Weld, a combined air-naval-ground exercise in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, Grand Repulse, involving the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_on_the_Rhine" title="British Army on the Rhine">British Army on the Rhine</a> (BAOR), the Netherlands Corps and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Air_Forces_Central_Europe" title="Allied Air Forces Central Europe">Allied Air Forces Central Europe</a> (AAFCE), Monte Carlo a simulated atomic air-ground exercise involving the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Army_Group" title="Central Army Group">Central Army Group</a>, and Weldfast, a combined amphibious landing exercise in the Mediterranean Sea involving British, Greek, Italian, Turkish, and U.S. naval forces.<br />
Greece and Turkey also joined the alliance in 1952, forcing a series of controversial negotiations, in which the United States and Britain were the primary disputants, over how to bring the two countries into the military command structure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, while this overt military preparation was going on, covert stay-behind arrangements to continue resistance after a successful Soviet invasion ('<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a>'), initially made by the Western European Union, were being transferred to NATO control. Ultimately unofficial bonds began to grow between NATO's armed forces, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Tiger_Association" title="NATO Tiger Association">NATO Tiger Association</a> and competitions such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army_Trophy" title="Canadian Army Trophy">Canadian Army Trophy</a> for tank gunnery.<br />
In 1954, the Soviet Union suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> The NATO countries, fearing that the Soviet Union's motive was to weaken the alliance, ultimately rejected this proposal. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvard_Lange" title="Halvard Lange">Halvard Lange</a>, Foreign Minister of Norway at the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> A major reason for Germany's entry into the alliance was that without German manpower, it would have been impossible to field enough conventional forces to resist a Soviet invasion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Indeed, one of its immediate results was the creation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, and East Germany, as a formal response to this event, thereby delineating the two opposing sides of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<br />
Three major exercises were held concurrently in the northern autumn of 1957. Operation Counter Punch, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Strikeback" title="Operation Strikeback">Operation Strikeback</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deep_Water" title="Operation Deep Water">Operation Deep Water</a> were the most ambitious military undertaking for the alliance to date, involving more than 250,000 men, 300 ships, and 1,500 aircraft operating from Norway to Turkey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="French_withdrawal_from_NATO_command">French withdrawal from NATO command</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_AB_in_France_map-en.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="221" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NATO_AB_in_France_map-en.svg/220px-NATO_AB_in_France_map-en.svg.png" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_AB_in_France_map-en.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Map of the NATO air bases in France before <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s 1966 withdrawal from NATO military integrated command.</div></div></div>NATO's unity was breached early in its history with a crisis occurring during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s presidency of France starting in 1958. De Gaulle protested the United States' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">special relationship</a> between it and the United Kingdom. In a memorandum sent to President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> on 17 September 1958, he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the US and UK, and also for expanding NATO's coverage to include areas of interest to France, most notably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance.<br />
Considering the response he received to his memorandum unsatisfactory, de Gaulle began constructing an independent defense force for his country. He wanted to give France, in the event of an East German incursion into West Germany, the option of coming to a separate peace with the Eastern bloc instead of being drawn into a NATO-Warsaw Pact general war. On 11 March 1959, France withdrew its <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet_%28France%29" title="Mediterranean Fleet (France)">Mediterranean Fleet</a> from NATO command; three months later he banned the stationing of foreign <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> on French soil. This caused the United States to transfer two hundred military aircraft out of France and return control of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_in_France" title="United States Air Force in France">ten major air force bases</a> that had operated in France since 1950 to the French by 1967.<br />
Though France showed solidarity with the rest of NATO during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> in 1962, de Gaulle continued his pursuit of an independent defence by removing France's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a> fleets from NATO command. In 1966, all French armed forces were removed from NATO's integrated military command, and all non-French NATO troops were asked to leave France. This withdrawal forced the relocation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</a> (SHAPE) from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocquencourt" title="Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a>, near Paris, to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casteau" title="Casteau">Casteau</a>, north of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons" title="Mons">Mons</a>, Belgium, by 16 October 1967. France remained a member of the alliance, and committed to the defence of Europe from possible Communist attack with its own forces stationed in the Federal Republic of Germany throughout the Cold War. A series of secret accords between U.S. and French officials, the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemnitzer-Ailleret_Agreements&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lemnitzer-Ailleret Agreements (page does not exist)">Lemnitzer-Ailleret Agreements</a>, detailed how French forces would dovetail back into NATO's command structure should East-West hostilities break out.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="D.C3.A9tente_and_escalation">Détente and escalation</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente"><br />
</a></div><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="149" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png/220px-Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Détente led to many high level meetings between leaders from both NATO and the Warsaw Pact.</div></div></div>During most of the Cold War, NATO maintained a holding pattern with no actual military engagement as an organization. On 1 July 1968, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> opened for signature: NATO argued that its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">nuclear sharing</a> arrangements did not breach the treaty as U.S. forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war, at which point the treaty would no longer be controlling. Few states knew of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements at that time, and they were not challenged.<br />
On 30 May 1978, NATO countries officially defined two complementary aims of the Alliance, to maintain security and pursue détente. This was supposed to mean matching defences at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact's offensive capabilities without spurring a further <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a>.<br />
On 12 December 1979, in light of a build-up of Warsaw Pact nuclear capabilities in Europe, ministers approved the deployment of U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-109G_Ground_Launched_Cruise_Missile" title="BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile">GLCM</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing_II" title="Pershing II">Pershing II</a> theatre nuclear weapons in Europe. The new warheads were also meant to strengthen the western negotiating position regarding nuclear disarmament. This policy was called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Double-Track_Decision" title="NATO Double-Track Decision">Dual Track</a> policy. Similarly, in 1983–84, responding to the stationing of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSD-10_Pioneer" title="RSD-10 Pioneer">SS-20</a> medium-range missiles in Europe, NATO deployed modern Pershing II missiles tasked to hit military targets such as tank formations in the event of war. This action led to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a> protests throughout Western Europe.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="227" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png/220px-Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>During the Cold War, most of Europe was divided between two alliances. Members of NATO are shown in blue, with members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in red.</div></div></div>With the background of the build-up of tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, NATO decided, under the impetus of the Reagan presidency, to deploy Pershing II and cruise missiles in Western Europe, primarily West Germany. These missiles were theatre nuclear weapons intended to strike targets on the battlefield if the Soviets invaded West Germany. Yet support for the deployment was wavering and many doubted whether the push for deployment could be sustained. On 1 September 1983, the Soviet Union shot down a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean passenger airliner</a> when it crossed into Soviet airspace—an act which Reagan characterized as a "massacre". The barbarity of this act, as the U.S. and indeed the world understood it, galvanized support for the deployment—which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.<br />
The membership of the organization at this time remained largely static. In 1974, as a consequence of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a>, Greece withdrew its forces from NATO's military command structure but, with Turkish cooperation, were readmitted in 1980. On 30 May 1982, NATO gained a new member when, following a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, the newly democratic Spain joined the alliance.<br />
In November 1983, NATO manoeuvres simulating a nuclear launch caused panic in the Kremlin. The Soviet leadership, led by ailing General Secretary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, became concerned that the manoeuvres, codenamed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a>, were the beginnings of a genuine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_strike" title="First strike">first strike</a>. In response, Soviet nuclear forces were readied and air units in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and Poland were placed on alert. Though at the time written off by U.S. intelligence as a propaganda effort, many historians now believe that the Soviet fear of a NATO first strike was genuine.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post_Cold_War">Post Cold War</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate further">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">Enlargement of NATO</a></div>The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in 1991 removed the <i>de facto</i> main adversary of NATO. This caused a strategic re-evaluation of NATO's purpose, nature and tasks. In practice this ended up entailing a gradual (and still ongoing) expansion of NATO to Eastern Europe, as well as the extension of its activities to areas that had not formerly been NATO concerns.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorbachev_Bush_19900601.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="149" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gorbachev_Bush_19900601.jpg/220px-Gorbachev_Bush_19900601.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorbachev_Bush_19900601.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Reforms made under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> led to the end of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>.</div></div></div>The first post–Cold War expansion of NATO came with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> on 3 October 1990, when the former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance. This had been agreed in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four Treaty</a> earlier in the year. To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO, it was agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the east. The scholar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_F._Cohen" title="Stephen F. Cohen">Stephen F. Cohen</a> argued in 2005 that a commitment was given that NATO would never expand further east,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> but according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a>, then a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> official involved in the Two Plus Four negotiating process, this appears to be a misperception; no formal commitment of the sort was made.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> In May 2008, Gorbachev repeated his view that such a commitment had been made, and that "the Americans promised that NATO wouldn't move beyond the boundaries of Germany after the Cold War".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-me_23-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-me-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On 10 and 11 April 1994, during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Protection Force</a> called in air strikes to protect the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gora%C5%BEde" title="Goražde">Goražde</a> safe area, resulting in the bombing of a Serbian military command outpost near Goražde by 2 US <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a> jets acting under NATO direction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nh-ev_24-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-nh-ev-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-a54549_25-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-a54549-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bethlehem1997pliiv_26-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliiv-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> This was the first time in NATO's history it had ever done so.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bethlehem1997pliiv_26-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliiv-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the taking of 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nh-ev_24-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-nh-ev-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-a54549_25-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-a54549-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> On 16 April a British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier" title="British Aerospace Sea Harrier">Sea Harrier</a> was shot down over Goražde by Serb forces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bethlehem1997pliiv_26-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliiv-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
As part of post–Cold War restructuring, NATO's military structure was cut back and reorganized, with new forces such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_Allied_Rapid_Reaction_Corps" title="Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps">Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps</a> established. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a> agreed between NATO and the Warsaw Pact and signed in Paris in 1990, mandated specific reductions. The changes brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union on the military balance in Europe were recognized in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapted_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe_Treaty" title="Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty">Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty</a>, signed some years later. France rejoined NATO's Military Committee in 1995, and since then has intensified working relations with the military structure. The policies of French President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> have resulted in a major reform of France's military position, culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the integrated military command of NATO, while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg/220px-History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg.png" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>NATO has added 12 new members since <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reunification" title="German Reunification">German Reunification</a> and the end of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.</div></div></div>New NATO structures were also formed while old ones were abolished: The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Response_Force" title="NATO Response Force">NATO Response Force</a> (NRF) was launched at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Prague_summit" title="2002 Prague summit">2002 Prague summit</a> on 21 November. On 19 June 2003, a major restructuring of the NATO military commands began as the Headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic were abolished and a new command, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation" title="Allied Command Transformation">Allied Command Transformation</a> (ACT), was established in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, Virginia, United States, and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) became the Headquarters of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Allied Command Operations</a> (ACO). ACT is responsible for driving transformation (future capabilities) in NATO, whilst ACO is responsible for current operations.<br />
Membership went on expanding with the accession of seven more Northern European and Eastern European countries to NATO: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and also Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. They were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002 Prague Summit, and joined NATO on 29 March 2004, shortly before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Istanbul_summit" title="2004 Istanbul summit">2004 Istanbul summit</a>. The same month, NATO's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Air_Policing" title="Baltic Air Policing">Baltic Air Policing</a> began, which supported the sovereignty of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia by providing fighters to react to any unwanted aerial intrusions. Four fighters are based in Lithuania, provided in rotation by virtually all the NATO states. <i>Operation Peaceful Summit</i> temporarily enhanced this patrolling during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Riga_summit" title="2006 Riga summit">2006 Riga summit</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Riga_summit" title="2006 Riga summit">2006 Riga summit</a> was held in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia, which had joined the Atlantic Alliance two years earlier. It is the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_summit" title="NATO summit">NATO summit</a> to be held in a country that was part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and the second one in a former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> country (after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Prague_summit" title="2002 Prague summit">2002 Prague summit</a>). Energy Security was one of the main themes of the Riga Summit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> At the April 2008 summit in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania, NATO agreed to the accession of Croatia and Albania and invited them to join. Both countries joined NATO in April 2009. Ukraine and Georgia were also told that they will eventually become members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Missile_defence">Missile defence</span></h3>For some years, the United States negotiated with Poland and the Czech Republic for the deployment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">interceptor missiles</a> and a radar tracking system in the two countries against wishes of local population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Both countries' governments indicated that they would allow the deployment. In August 2008, Poland and the United States signed a preliminary deal to place part of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_defence" title="Missile defence">missile defence</a> shield in Poland that would be linked to air-defence radar in the Czech Republic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> In answer to this agreement, more than 130,000 Czechs signed a petition for a referendum on the base, which is by far the largest citizen initiative since the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>, but it has been refused.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> The proposed American missile defence site in Central Europe is expected to be fully operational by 2015 and would be capable of covering most of Europe except parts of Romania plus Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-xinhuanet20070419_34-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-xinhuanet20070419-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_March_29_2004.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NATO_March_29_2004.jpg/220px-NATO_March_29_2004.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_March_29_2004.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The NATO Secretary General, the U.S. President, and the Prime Ministers of Latvia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Estonia after a ceremony welcoming them into NATO on 29 March 2004 at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Istanbul_summit" title="2004 Istanbul summit">Istanbul Summit</a></div></div></div>In April 2007, NATO's European allies called for a NATO missile defence system which would complement the American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_missile_defense" title="National missile defense">national missile defense</a> system to protect Europe from missile attacks and NATO's decision-making North Atlantic Council held consultations on missile defence in the first meeting on the topic at such a senior level.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-xinhuanet20070419_34-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-xinhuanet20070419-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> In response, Russian Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> claimed that such a deployment could lead to a new arms race and could enhance the likelihood of mutual destruction. He also suggested that his country would freeze its compliance with the 1990 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a> (CFE)—which limits military deployments across the continent—until all NATO countries had ratified the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapted_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe_Treaty" title="Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty">adapted CFE treaty</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> Secretary General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_de_Hoop_Scheffer" title="Jaap de Hoop Scheffer">Jaap de Hoop Scheffer</a> claimed the system would not affect strategic balance or threaten Russia, as the plan is to base only 10 interceptor missiles in Poland with an associated radar in the Czech Republic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On 14 July 2007, Russia gave notice of its intention to suspend the CFE treaty, effective 150 days later.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TIME_38-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-TIME-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> On 14 August 2008, the United States and Poland came to an agreement to place <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_missile_defense_complex_in_Poland" title="US missile defense complex in Poland">a base with 10 interceptor missiles</a> with associated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot" title="MIM-104 Patriot">MIM-104 Patriot</a> air defence systems in Poland. This came at a time when tension was high between Russia and most of NATO and resulted in a nuclear threat on Poland by Russia if the building of the missile defences went ahead. On 20 August 2008 the United States and Poland signed the agreement, with a statement from Russia saying their response "Will Go Beyond Diplomacy" and is an "extremely dangerous bundle" of military projects." Also, on 20 August 2008, Russia sent word to Norway that it was suspending <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="NATO–Russia relations">ties with NATO</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
On 17 September 2009, US President Barack Obama announced that the planned deployment of long-range missile defence interceptors and equipment in Poland and the Czech Republic was not to go forward, and that a defence against short- and medium-range missiles using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Combat_System" title="Aegis Combat System">AEGIS</a> warships would be deployed instead.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> The announcement prompted varying reactions – in Central and Eastern Europe, especially in Poland and the Czech Republic, response was largely negative; while the Russian response was largely positive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Following the announcement, Russian President Dimitri Medvedev announced that a planned Russian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K720_Iskander" title="9K720 Iskander">Iskander</a> surface to surface missile deployment in nearby Kaliningrad was also not to go ahead. The two deployment cancellation announcements were later followed with a statement by newly named NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen calling for a strategic partnership between Russia and the Alliance, explicitly involving technological cooperation of the two parties' missile defence systems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_operations">Military operations</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Balkans_interventions">Balkans interventions</span></h3><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Bosnian_War">Bosnian War</span></h4><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFOR" title="SFOR"><br />
</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-16_deliberate_force.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="143" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/F-16_deliberate_force.JPG/220px-F-16_deliberate_force.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-16_deliberate_force.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>NATO planes engaged in aerial bombardments during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NATO_bombing_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Operation Deliberate Force</a> after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a>.</div></div></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> began in 1992, as a result of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a>. NATO intervention began on 12 April 1993 with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" title="Operation Deny Flight">Operation Deny Flight</a>, enforcing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zone</a> under UN mandate over central Bosnia and Herzegovina until December 1995, the end of the war. In June 1993, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard" title="Operation Sharp Guard">Operation Sharp Guard</a> commenced, and ran until October 1996. It provided maritime enforcement of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_embargo" title="Arms embargo">arms embargo</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> against the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. On 28 February 1994, NATO took its first military action, shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating the no-fly zone. A NATO bombing campaign, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NATO_bombing_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Operation Deliberate Force</a>, began in August 1995, against the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of the Republika Srpska">Army of the Republika Srpska</a>, after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a>.<br />
NATO air strikes that year helped bring the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a> to an end, resulting in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a>. As part of this agreement, NATO deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping force, under <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor" title="Operation Joint Endeavor">Operation Joint Endeavor</a>, first named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFOR" title="IFOR">IFOR</a> and then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFOR" title="SFOR">SFOR</a>, which ran from December 1996 to December 2004. Following the lead of its member nations, NATO began to award a service medal, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Medal</a>, for these operations.<br />
Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Dialogue" title="Mediterranean Dialogue">Mediterranean Dialogue</a> initiative and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a>. On 8 July 1997, three former communist countries, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, were invited to join NATO, which finally happened in 1999. In 1998, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="NATO–Russia relations">NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council</a> was established.<br />
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Kosovo_War">Kosovo War</span></h4><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a></div>On 24 March 1999, NATO saw its first broad-scale military engagement in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, where it waged an 11-week bombing campaign, which NATO called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Operation Allied Force</a>, against what was then the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, in an effort to stop Serbian-led crackdown on Albanian civilians in Kosovo. A formal declaration of war never took place (in common with all wars since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>). The conflict ended on 11 June 1999, when Yugoslavian leader <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> agreed to NATO's demands by accepting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">UN resolution 1244</a>. During the crisis, NATO also deployed one of its international reaction forces, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_Mobile_Force_%28Land%29" title="ACE Mobile Force (Land)">ACE Mobile Force (Land)</a>, to Albania as the Albania Force (AFOR), to deliver humanitarian aid to refugees from Kosovo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> NATO then helped establish the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a>, a NATO-led force under a United Nations mandate that operated the military mission in Kosovo. In August–September 2001, the alliance also mounted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Essential_Harvest" title="Operation Essential Harvest">Operation Essential Harvest</a>, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The United States, the United Kingdom, and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the U.N. Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the action against Serbia in 1999, while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN approval. The U.S./UK side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance, and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and could do the same in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required, thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization. Recognizing the post–Cold War military environment, NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington Summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nato.int_45-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-nato.int-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operations_in_Afghanistan">Operations in Afghanistan</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)"><br />
</a></div><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="180" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC.jpg/220px-National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_September_attacks" title="11 September attacks">11 September attacks</a> caused NATO to invoke its collective defence article for the first time.</div></div></div>The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_September_attacks" title="11 September attacks">11 September attacks</a> caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in its history. The Article says that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a>, a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea and is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general which began on 4 October 2001.<br />
Despite this early show of solidarity, NATO faced a crisis little more than a year later, when on 10 February 2003, France and Belgium vetoed the procedure of silent approval concerning the timing of protective measures for Turkey in case of a possible war with Iraq. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> did not use its right to break the procedure but said it supported the veto.<br />
On the issue of Afghanistan on the other hand, the alliance showed greater unity: on 16 April 2003, NATO agreed to take command of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> (ISAF) in Afghanistan. The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two nations leading ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO's history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area. Canada had originally been slated to take over ISAF by itself on that date.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>NATO's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> in Afghanistan was its first deployment outside Europe.</div></div></div>In August 2003, NATO commenced its first mission ever outside Europe when it assumed control over <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> (ISAF) in Afghanistan. ISAF was initially charged with securing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and surrounding areas from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda" title="Al Qaeda">al Qaeda</a> and factional warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Transitional_Administration" title="Afghan Transitional Administration">Afghan Transitional Administration</a> headed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ISAF_Chronology_49-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-ISAF_Chronology-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Since 2006, ISAF has been involved in more intensive combat operations in southern Afghanistan, a tendency which continued in 2007 and 2008. Attacks on ISAF in other parts of Afghanistan are also mounting.<br />
In January 2004, NATO appointed Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikmet_%C3%87etin" title="Hikmet Çetin">Hikmet Çetin</a>, of Turkey, as the Senior Civilian Representative (SCR) in Afghanistan. Minister Cetin is primarily responsible for advancing the political-military aspects of the Alliance in Afghanistan. On 31 July 2006, a NATO-led force, made up mostly of troops from Canada, the United Kingdom, Turkey and the Netherlands, took over <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_combat_operations_in_Afghanistan_in_2006" title="Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2006">military operations in the south of Afghanistan</a> from a U.S.-led anti-terrorism coalition.<br />
Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south, France has recently allowed a squadron of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000" title="Dassault Mirage 2000">Mirage 2000</a> fighter/attack aircraft to be moved into the area, to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_International_Airport" title="Kandahar International Airport">Kandahar</a>, in order to reinforce the alliance's efforts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> If these caveats were to be eliminated, it is argued that this could help NATO to succeed. NATO is also training the ANA (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Army" title="Afghan National Army">Afghan National Army</a>) to be better equipped in forcing out the Taliban.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Training_mission_in_Iraq">Training mission in Iraq</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="NATO Training Mission – Iraq">NATO Training Mission – Iraq</a></div>In August 2004, during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, NATO formed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="NATO Training Mission – Iraq">NATO Training Mission – Iraq</a>, a training mission to assist the Iraqi security forces in conjunction with the U.S. led <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multinational Force – Iraq">MNF-I</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> The NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) was established at the request of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Iraqi Interim Government</a> under the provisions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1546" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546</a>. The aim of NTM-I is to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the nation. NTM-I is not a combat mission but is a distinct mission, under the political control of NATO's North Atlantic Council. Its operational emphasis is on training and mentoring. The activities of the mission are coordinated with Iraqi authorities and the U.S.-led Deputy Commanding General Advising and Training, who is also dual-hatted as the Commander of NTM-I.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operation_Ocean_Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></div>Beginning on 17 August 2009, NATO deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime traffic in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> and the Indian Ocean from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" title="Piracy in Somalia">Somali pirates</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operations_in_Libya">Operations in Libya</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" title="2011 Libyan civil war"><br />
</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="132" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg/220px-Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Libyan Army <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaria_%28artillery%29" title="Palmaria (artillery)">Palmaria howitzers</a> destroyed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> on 19 March 2011</div></div></div>During the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_uprising" title="2011 Libyan uprising">2011 Libyan uprising</a>, violence between protestors and the Libyan government under Colonel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> escalated, and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a>, which called for a ceasefire, and authorized military action to protect civilians. A coalition that included several NATO members began enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya shortly afterwards. On 20 March 2011, NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector">Operation Unified Protector</a> using ships from NATO <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_NRF_Maritime_Group_1" title="Standing NRF Maritime Group 1">Standing Maritime Group 1</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_NRF_Mine_Countermeasures_Group_1" title="Standing NRF Mine Countermeasures Group 1">Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NATOSecGen1_53-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-NATOSecGen1-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> and additional ships and submarines from NATO members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NATOPressBriefing1_54-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-NATOPressBriefing1-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> They would "monitor, report and, if needed, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdiction" title="Interdiction">interdict</a> vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NATOSecGen1_53-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-NATOSecGen1-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone from the initial coalition, while command of targeting ground units remains with the coalition's forces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> NATO began officially enforcing the UN resolution on 27 March 2011 with assistance from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
By June, reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced as only 8 of the 28 member nations<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> were participating in combat operations, resulting in a confrontation between U.S. Defense Secretary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> and countries such as Poland, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Germany to contribute more, the latter believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the conflict.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June, Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany was analyzing "the speech" and a spokesman for the Chancellor declined comment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> While the mission was extended into September, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> that day announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 August.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Earlier in the week it was reported <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force" title="Royal Danish Air Force">Danish air fighters</a> were running out of bombs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> The following week, the head of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Navy" title="British Navy">British Navy</a> said the country's operations in the conflict were not sustainable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Membership">Membership</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_NATO" title="Members of NATO">Members of NATO</a></div><table style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); float: right; margin-left: 15px; padding: 0.5em; width: 380px;"><tbody>
<tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center;">Map of NATO affiliations in Europe</th> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_affiliations_in_Europe.svg"><img alt="NATO affiliations in Europe.svg" height="270" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NATO_affiliations_in_Europe.svg/350px-NATO_affiliations_in_Europe.svg.png" width="350" /></a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td rowspan="2"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: darkblue; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_NATO" title="Members of NATO">Members of NATO</a></div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #2a7fff; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_Action_Plan" title="Membership Action Plan">Membership Action Plan</a></div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: darkgreen; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensified_Dialogue" title="Intensified Dialogue">Intensified Dialogue</a></div></td> <td valign="top"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #ffd900; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> </div></td> <td valign="top" width="40%"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Partnership_Action_Plan" title="Individual Partnership Action Plan">Individual Partnership Action Plan</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #ff7826; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> </div></td> <td valign="top"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>NATO has added new members seven times since first forming in 1949 (the last two in 2009). NATO comprises 28 members: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, Belgium, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, Canada, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, Czech Republic, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, Estonia, France, Germany, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Hungary, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, Italy, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, Lithuania, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, Netherlands, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, Poland, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, Romania, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Future_enlargement">Future enlargement</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">Enlargement of NATO</a></div>New membership in the alliance has been largely from Eastern Europe and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, including former members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. At the 2008 summit in Bucharest, three countries were promised future invitations: the Republic of Macedonia,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> Georgia and Ukraine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> Though it has completed the requirements for membership, the accession of Macedonia is blocked by Greece, pending resolution of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-balkaninsight_71-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-balkaninsight-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Cyprus also has not progressed toward further relations, in part because of opposition from Turkey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Other potential candidate countries include Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, which joined the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Charter" title="Adriatic Charter">Adriatic Charter</a> of potential members in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> Russia, as referred to above, continues to oppose further expansion, seeing it as inconsistent with understandings between Soviet leader <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> and U.S. President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> that allowed for a peaceful German reunification. NATO's expansion policy is seen by Moscow as a continuation of a Cold War attempt to surround and isolate Russia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cooperation_with_non-member_states">Cooperation with non-member states</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Euro-Atlantic_Partnership">Euro-Atlantic Partnership</span></h3>A double framework has been established to help further co-operation between the 28 NATO members and 22 "partner countries".<br />
<ul><li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> (PfP) program was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO: each country may choose the extent of its participation. The PfP program is considered the operational wing of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> Members include all current and former members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>. Belarus joined NATO's Partnership for Peace in 1995.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a> (EAPC) was first established on 29 May 1997, and is a forum for regular coordination, consultation and dialogue between all 50 participants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><div style="overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr> <th colspan="3">Partnership for Peace</th> <th rowspan="2">Mediterranean<br />
Dialogue</th> <th rowspan="2">Contact countries</th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Map of NATO Partnerships</th> </tr>
<tr> <th>Commonwealth of<br />
Independent States</th> <th>Other Cold War<br />
socialist economies</th> <th>Militarily neutral Cold<br />
War capitalist economies</th> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Armenia</td> <th>Yugoslavia</th> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Austria</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Algeria</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Australia</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="7"> <center><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_Cooperations_Partners.png"><img alt="NATO Cooperations Partners.png" height="185" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/NATO_Cooperations_Partners.png/400px-NATO_Cooperations_Partners.png" width="400" /></a></center> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Azerbaijan</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Bosnia & Herzegovina</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Finland</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Egypt</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Japan</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Belarus</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Macedonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Macedonia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Macedonia</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Ireland</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="16" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Israel</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/22px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>New Zealand</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Kazakhstan</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/22px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Montenegro</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Malta</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Jordan</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>South Korea</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Kyrgyzstan</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Serbia</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Sweden</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Mauritania</td> <td rowspan="5"> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/22px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Moldova</td> <th>Soviet Union</th> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="20" /> </span>Switzerland</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Morocco</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Russia</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Georgia</td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Tunisia</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Tajikistan</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Turkmenistan</td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: 0pt none; border-right: 0pt none;"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #181884; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> NATO member states</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: 0pt none; border-left: 0pt none;"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #8c9618; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Partnership for Peace</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Uzbekistan</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Ukraine</td> <td style="border-right: 0pt none; border-top: 0pt none;"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #944918; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Mediterranean Dialogue</div></td> <td style="border-left: 0pt none; border-top: 0pt none;"> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: green; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Contact countries</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><ul><li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Dialogue" title="Mediterranean Dialogue">Mediterranean Dialogue</a> was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with Israel and countries in North Africa.</li>
</ul><ul><li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Cooperation_Initiative" title="Istanbul Cooperation Initiative">Istanbul Cooperation Initiative</a> was announced in 2004 as a dialog forum for the Middle East along the same lines as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Dialogue" title="Mediterranean Dialogue">Mediterranean Dialogue</a>. So far participants in it are some of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> members: Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><ul><li>Other third countries also have been contacted for participation in some activities of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">PfP framework</a> such as Afghanistan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Individual_Partnership_Action_Plans">Individual Partnership Action Plans</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO-2002-Summit.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NATO-2002-Summit.jpg/220px-NATO-2002-Summit.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO-2002-Summit.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Partnership_Action_Plan" title="Individual Partnership Action Plan">Individual Partnership Action Plans</a> were launched at the 2002 Summit in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>.</div></div></div>Launched at the November 2002 Prague Summit, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Partnership_Action_Plan" title="Individual Partnership Action Plan">Individual Partnership Action Plans</a> (IPAPs) are open to countries that have the political will and ability to deepen their relationship with NATO.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Currently IPAPs are in implementation with the following countries:<br />
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Ukraine (22 November 2002)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Georgia (29 October 2004)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Azerbaijan (27 May 2005)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Armenia (16 December 2005)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Kazakhstan (31 January 2006)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/22px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Moldova (19 May 2006)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Bosnia and Herzegovina (10 January 2008)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/22px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Montenegro (June 2008)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Contact_Countries">Contact Countries</span></h3>Since 1990–91, the Alliance has gradually increased its contact with countries that do not form part of any of the above cooperative groupings. Political dialogue with Japan began in 1990, and a range of non-NATO countries have contributed to peacekeeping operations in the former Yugoslavia.<br />
The Allies established a set of general guidelines on relations with other countries, beyond the above groupings in 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> The guidelines do not allow for a formal institutionalization of relations, but reflect the Allies' desire to increase cooperation. Following extensive debate, the term Contact Countries was agreed by the Allies in 2004; the following countries currently have this status:<br />
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Australia (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a>)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/22px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>New Zealand (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a>)</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Japan</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>South Korea</li>
</ul><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Structures">Structures</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_51899_Obama_Calls_Afghanistan_NATO%27s_Most_Important_Mission.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_Army_51899_Obama_Calls_Afghanistan_NATO%27s_Most_Important_Mission.jpg/220px-US_Army_51899_Obama_Calls_Afghanistan_NATO%27s_Most_Important_Mission.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_51899_Obama_Calls_Afghanistan_NATO%27s_Most_Important_Mission.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen" title="Anders Fogh Rasmussen">Anders Fogh Rasmussen</a> took over as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">Secretary General of NATO</a> in August 2009.</div></div></div>The main headquarters of NATO is located on Boulevard Léopold III, B-1110 Brussels, which is in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haren,_Belgium" title="Haren, Belgium">Haren</a>, part of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_%28municipality%29" title="Brussels (municipality)">City of Brussels</a> municipality.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> A new headquarters building is, as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display: none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NATO&action=edit" rel="nofollow">[update]</a></sup>, in construction nearby, due for completion by 2015.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> The design is an adaptation of the original award-winning scheme designed by Larry Oltmanns and his team when he was a Design Partner with SOM.<br />
The staff at the Headquarters is composed of national delegations of member countries and includes civilian and military liaison offices and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of partner countries, as well as the International Staff and International Military Staff filled from serving members of the armed forces of member states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> Non-governmental citizens' groups have also grown up in support of NATO, broadly under the banner of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Treaty_Association" title="Atlantic Treaty Association">Atlantic Treaty Association</a> movement.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="NATO_Council">NATO Council</span></h3>Like any alliance, NATO is ultimately governed by its 28 member states. However, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a>, and other agreements, outline how decisions are to be made within NATO. Each of the 28 members sends a delegation or mission to NATO's headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> The senior permanent member of each delegation is known as the Permanent Representative and is generally a senior civil servant or an experienced ambassador (and holding that diplomatic rank). Several countries have diplomatic missions to NATO <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_NATO" title="List of diplomatic missions to NATO">through embassies in Belgium</a>.<br />
Together, the Permanent Members form the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a> (NAC), a body which meets together at least once a week and has effective governance authority and powers of decision in NATO. From time to time the Council also meets at higher level meetings involving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_minister" title="Foreign minister">foreign ministers</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Minister" title="Defense Minister">defence ministers</a> or heads of state or government (HOSG) and it is at these meetings that major decisions regarding NATO's policies are generally taken. However, it is worth noting that the Council has the same authority and powers of decision-making, and its decisions have the same status and validity, at whatever level it meets. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_summit" title="NATO summit">NATO summits</a> also form a further venue for decisions on complex issues, such as enlargement.<br />
The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">Secretary General of NATO</a> and, when decisions have to be made, action is agreed upon on the basis of unanimity and common accord. There is no voting or decision by majority. Each nation represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions.<br />
<div class="column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"> <table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr> <th colspan="4">List of Secretaries General<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-secgen_87-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-secgen-87"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup></th> </tr>
<tr> <th>#</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Duration</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay" title="Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay">Lord Ismay</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>United Kingdom</td> <td>4 April 1952 – 16 May 1957</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Belgium</td> <td>16 May 1957 – 21 April 1961</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Stikker" title="Dirk Stikker">Dirk Stikker</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Netherlands</td> <td>21 April 1961 – 1 August 1964</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlio_Brosio" title="Manlio Brosio">Manlio Brosio</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>1 August 1964 – 1 October 1971</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Netherlands</td> <td>1 October 1971 – 25 June 1984</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>United Kingdom</td> <td>25 June 1984 – 1 July 1988</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner" title="Manfred Wörner">Manfred Wörner</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Germany</td> <td>1 July 1988 – 13 August 1994</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>–</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Balanzino" title="Sergio Balanzino">Sergio Balanzino</a> <i>(acting)</i></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>13 August 1994 – 17 October 1994</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Claes" title="Willy Claes">Willy Claes</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Belgium</td> <td>17 October 1994 – 20 October 1995</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>–</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Balanzino" title="Sergio Balanzino">Sergio Balanzino</a> <i>(acting)</i></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>20 October 1995 – 5 December 1995</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Spain</td> <td>5 December 1995 – 6 October 1999</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen">Lord Robertson</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>United Kingdom</td> <td>14 October 1999 – 17 December 2003</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>–</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Minuto-Rizzo" title="Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo">Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo</a> <i>(acting)</i></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>17 December 2003 – 1 January 2004</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_de_Hoop_Scheffer" title="Jaap de Hoop Scheffer">Jaap de Hoop Scheffer</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Netherlands</td> <td>1 January 2004 – 1 August 2009</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen" title="Anders Fogh Rasmussen">Anders Fogh Rasmussen</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Denmark</td> <td>1 August 2009–<i>present</i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr> <th colspan="4">List of Deputy Secretaries General<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Deputy_Secretaries_General_of_NATO_88-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-Deputy_Secretaries_General_of_NATO-88"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup></th> </tr>
<tr> <th>#</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Duration</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>1</td> <td>Jonkheer van Vredenburch</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Netherlands</td> <td>1952–1956</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>2</td> <td>Baron Adolph Bentinck</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Netherlands</td> <td>1956–1958</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>3</td> <td>Alberico Casardi</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>1958–1962</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Colonna_di_Paliano" title="Guido Colonna di Paliano">Guido Colonna di Paliano</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>1962–1964</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>5</td> <td>James A. Roberts</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Canada</td> <td>1964–1968</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>6</td> <td>Osman Olcay</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Turkey</td> <td>1969–1971</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>7</td> <td>Paolo Pansa Cedronio</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>1971–1978</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>8</td> <td>Rinaldo Petrignani</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>1978–1981</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>9</td> <td>Eric da Rin</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>1981–1985</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>10</td> <td>Marcello Guidi</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>1985–1989</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>11</td> <td>Amedeo de Franchis</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>1989–1994</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Balanzino" title="Sergio Balanzino">Sergio Balanzino</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>1994–2001</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>13</td> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Minuto_Rizzo" title="Alessandro Minuto Rizzo">Alessandro Minuto Rizzo</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>2001–2007</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>14</td> <td>Claudio Bisogniero</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="22" /> </span>Italy</td> <td>2007–<i>present</i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly">NATO Parliamentary Assembly</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="NATO Parliamentary Assembly">NATO Parliamentary Assembly</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="122" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg/220px-NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_Ministers_of_Defense_and_of_Foreign_Affairs_meet_at_NATO_headquarters_in_Brussels_2010.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>NATO Ministers of Defense and of Foreign Affairs meet at NATO headquarters in Brussels</div></div></div>The body that sets broad strategic goals for NATO is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="NATO Parliamentary Assembly">NATO Parliamentary Assembly</a> (NATO-PA) which meets at the Annual Session, and one other during the year, and is the organ that directly interacts with the parliamentary structures of the national governments of the member states which appoint Permanent Members, or ambassadors to NATO. The NATO Parliamentary Assembly, currently presided by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Tanner" title="John S. Tanner">John S. Tanner</a>, a U.S. Representative (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>) from Tennessee, is made up of legislators from the member countries of the North Atlantic Alliance as well as thirteen associate members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> It is however officially a different structure from NATO, and has as aim to join together deputies of NATO countries in order to discuss security policies on the NATO Council.<br />
The Assembly is the political integration body of NATO that generates political policy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_agenda" title="Political agenda">agenda setting</a> for the NATO Council via reports of its five committees:<br />
<ul><li>Committee on the Civil Dimension of Security</li>
<li>Defence and Security Committee</li>
<li>Economics and Security Committee</li>
<li>Political Committee</li>
<li>Science and Technology Committee</li>
</ul>These reports provide impetus and direction as agreed upon by the national governments of the member states through their own <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">national political processes</a> and influencers to the NATO administrative and executive organizational entities.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_structures">Military structures</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_units_and_formations_of_NATO" title="Military units and formations of NATO"><br />
</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nato_awacs.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nato_awacs.jpg/220px-Nato_awacs.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nato_awacs.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>NATO <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-3_Sentry" title="E-3 Sentry">E-3A</a> flying with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16s</a> in a NATO exercise.</div></div></div>The second pivotal member of each country's delegation is the Military Representative, a senior officer from each country's armed forces, supported by the International Military Staff. Together the Military Representatives form the Military Committee, a body responsible for recommending to NATO's political authorities those measures considered necessary for the common defence of the NATO area. Its principal role is to provide direction and advice on military policy and strategy. It provides guidance on military matters to the NATO Strategic Commanders, whose representatives attend its meetings, and is responsible for the overall conduct of the military affairs of the Alliance under the authority of the Council. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" title="Chairman of the NATO Military Committee">Chairman of the NATO Military Committee</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giampaolo_Di_Paola" title="Giampaolo Di Paola">Giampaolo Di Paola</a> of Italy, since 2008.<br />
Like the Council, from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level, namely at the level of Chiefs of Defence, the most senior military officer in each nation's armed forces. Until 2008 the Military Committee excluded France, due to that country's 1966 decision to remove itself from NATO's integrated military structure, which it rejoined in 1995. Until France rejoined NATO, it was not represented on the Defence Planning Committee, and this led to conflicts between it and NATO members. Such was the case in the lead up to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Operation Iraqi Freedom</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> The operational work of the Committee is supported by the International Military Staff.<br />
NATO's military operations are directed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" title="Chairman of the NATO Military Committee">Chairman of the NATO Military Committee</a>, and split into two Strategic Commands commanded by a senior US officer<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> and a senior French officer<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> assisted by a staff drawn from across NATO. The Strategic Commanders are responsible to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" title="Chairman of the NATO Military Committee">Military Committee</a> for the overall direction and conduct of all Alliance military matters within their areas of command.<br />
The Military Committee in turn directs two principal NATO organizations: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Allied Command Operations</a> responsible for the strategic, operational and tactical management of combat and combat support forces of the NATO members, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation" title="Allied Command Transformation">Allied Command Transformation</a> organization responsible for the induction of the new member states' forces into NATO, and NATO forces' research and training capability.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-57442525152769189632011-08-29T08:36:00.000-07:002011-08-29T08:36:33.788-07:00SPACE WAR 3<center style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"></span></center><center style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"></span></center><center style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><a href="http://www.space4peace.org/asat/sbl.jpg"><img alt="Space Based Laser" border="0" src="http://www.space4peace.org/asat/sbl.gif" /></a></span></center> <div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b> </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>ANTI-SATELLITE WEAPONS (ASATS) </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b> The following is a brief introduction for the non-space weapons expert by a layperson gleaned primarily from university-level library and Internet resources and will provide a brief history of negotiated treaties, describe the early U.S. and Russian ASAT systems, describe the ‘current’ ASAT systems being developed, and describe some of the future ASAT systems planners envision. Some novel ASAT systems will be described. Hardening techniques will be briefly described and finally, implications on future problems relating to the health of humans living in our atmosphere will be suggested. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>ASATs or anti-satellite weapons are any object or process with the potential to destroy or make inoperable a satellite. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>The following brief legal history is important given that international treaties will be either renegotiated, broken, or continually broken as presently researched systems and future systems are tested and deployed. The Partial Test-Ban Treaty, signed on August 5, 1963 bans nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water. The next international treaty, the <a href="http://www.un.or.at/OOSA/treat/ost/ost.html" target="_top">Outer Space Treaty</a>, was signed on January 27, 1967 and says this: <i>"States parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner..."</i> <a href="http://www.space4peace.org/asat/asat.htm#seven">(7)</a>. The <a href="http://www.acda.gov/treaties/abm2.htm" target="_top">ABM (Anti- Ballistic Missile) Treaty</a> was signed May 26, 1972 and states: <i>"Each Party undertakes to not develop, test, or deploy ABM systems or components which are sea-based, air-based, space-based, or mobile land-based"</i> <a href="http://www.space4peace.org/asat/asat.htm#seven">(7)</a>. The ABM treaty does not specifically prohibit research on and development of anti-satellite weapons, thus, this provides loopholes. ASATs and ABM weapons use the same technologies so that ABM weapons can be developed by developing ASATs, ..... treaties can be broken, disregarded, or euphemistically sidestepped. As an example of how our government will skirt the law, although treaties disallow testing of anti-satellite weapons against satellites in space, the U.S. recently tested a laser against an Air Force satellite in space. The government claimed it was not testing the laser as a weapon but, rather, was testing the ‘survivability’ of the satellite. Semantic quibbling to get around the law! </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>The U.S. and Russians have been developing ASATs since the late 50's. The first successful satellite intercept occurred May 24, 1962 and was launched by the U.S. from Kwajalein Atoll. It was reported as a "close intercept ". The first generation ASATs were either non-nuclear or nuclear ballistic missile launched weapons that were either direct hit-to-kill devices, or satellites that in close proximity to the target satellite would explode with the satellite debris as the shrapnel particles that destroy the target satellite. In the case of nuclear-tipped rocket used as an ASAT, the thermal blast, x-rays, or other radiation effects, or electro-magnetic effects would be the kill mechanism. An early Russian ASAT effort was a multi-staged rocket with a small ground controlled satellite with direct hit-to-kill capability. A self-guided homing vehicle was tried using infrared homing, but the system failed several times in testing, was not successful in the 60's, and was dropped. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>The American developed and tested exoatmospheric (outside Earth’s atmosphere) nuclear ASATs using kiloton, and, a 1.4 megaton nuclear weapon was detonated at an altitude of 248 miles on July 9, 1962. The actual satellite kill mechanism for nuclear explosion results from thermal heating, through magnetic field effects on electronic components and semi-conductors. X-ray radiation hitting the satellite surface creates a very high surface electrical potential and high surface currents. These surface currents produce strong magnetic fields that penetrate the satellite metal skin and disrupt satellite electronics. At the time of these tests, designers were ‘plagued’ with a highly disruptive <i>"electromagnetic pulse"</i> that could and did destroy satellites that were unintended as targets. The Americans abandoned nuclear testing in space, but the "system generated electro-magnetic pulse" was seen as a potential energy source for latter generation ASAT designs. They are still on the weapons designer’s tables. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>In the 1970s, the Americans pursued a two-tracked strategy of attempting to negotiate with the Soviets to eliminate ASAT systems of the future and simultaneously developing a new ASAT system, an air-launched missile with infrared homing capability. A two-staged rocket was launched from a Navy F-15 jet at high altitude. The rocket was tipped with a miniature homing vehicle, self-propelled with on-board guidance that was a direct hit-to-kill system. The homing system used infrared radiation (heat) to guide the kill vehicle to crash into the target satellite. That system was defunded in segments, from 100 or so launch vehicles at the start, 40+ F-15s, and then down to where it was eventually dropped during the Reagan administration. It was never operational as a system although tests confirmed that it could knock a satellite out of the sky. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>A radical shift in interest in ASATs, funding for ASATs, and development of ASATs took place in the Reagan presidency and continues to today. In 1965, Arthur Kantrowitz, the then-Director of AVCO Corporation, probably made the <i>"first proposal for the use of particle beam weapons..."</i> <a href="http://www.space4peace.org/asat/asat.htm#six">(6)</a>. In addition to the particle beams, the newer generation of ASATs includes another category of weapons referred to as ‘Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs). The distinction between the two is sometimes blurred. Particle beam weapons are a group of weapons that use electro-magnetic energy to accelerate particles, neutral atoms being likely candidates, to velocities close to the speed of light. A particle beam weapon called a ‘rail gun,’ is said to accelerate ‘charged’ particles to very high velocities. High-energy particle beams would, like nuclear explosions, either produce high surface temperatures, burning out the satellite electronics, produce high surface currents that would in turn produce electro-magnetic fields that would penetrate the skin of the satellite and disrupt sensitive electronics, or produce ions, electrically charged particles, that, depending on the particle type and energy, would disrupt satellite electronics by way of various radiation effects. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>Lasers are part of a group of the DEWs that are, in fact, being built and tested. There are several types of lasers that can be used for ASAT weapons but all are devices that deliver highly focused energy as the "thing" that destroys. A wide spectrum of energy sources is available for use as the "stuff" that is moved, at the speed of light, carrying the destructive force. X-rays are the sources of an ‘eximer’ laser, where light is the source for LASER ASATs, and microwaves are the source for MASER ASATs. LASER is an acronym for the phrase-Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. MASER =Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Directed energy weapons therefore will be streams of elementary particles, atoms, electrons, ions, light, microwaves, x-rays, gamma rays and even high powered plasmas that are accelerated to very high velocities that can ruin or destroy satellites. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>There is a separate class of DEWS that, as a group, are planned to be spaced based; that is, as satellites themselves. They are called <i>"nuclear pumped ASATs"</i>. These are weapons that will use a nuclear detonation in space which will produce x-rays, neutrons, gamma rays, or other parts of the electro-magnetic spectrum that will then be directed at the target satellite. These weapons will instantaneously destroy themselves in the nuclear detonation, are therefore one shot weapons that present danger to Earth’s inhabitants not only by contaminating the near outer space environment, but also as a threat during failed launches (as per the Challenger), and as failed satellites that can crash back to Earth’s atmosphere due to malfunction or collision with space debris. For those ASATs and anti-ballistic missile weapons using nuclear detonation as the source of energy for the weapon, the nuclear material on the space platform will itself be vulnerable to attack from adversary ASATs and further threaten Earth’s environment and inhabitants during conflict and thereafter, as that material could eventually crash back to Earth if dispersed because of satellite destruction. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>Unfortunately this nuclear threat is not the only one associated with ASATs. The power for some of the directed energy weapons will come from nuclear reactors stationed in space, the weapon energized by a huge burst of nuclear material fissioning, like in a nuclear powered electric generating plant. This threat is further exacerbated by space-based ASATs, weapons satellites that will be powered by nuclear reactors for the day-to-day electrical needs, running the radar, the communications with the ground station and other satellites, on-board computers, and so forth. Satellites with these reactors will have to be launched, positioned in orbit, and maintained perfectly! Any mistake, however small, could have nuclear material, mostly Plutonium, a very chemically toxic and highly radioactive isotope, raining back down to Earth, polluting the Earth’s surface for generations. Note that this has happened with two Soviet spaced-based nuclear reactors. Malfunctions happened and these reactors crashed back to Earth, burned up in atmosphere, and spread nuclear materials over the face of Earth. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> </div><center style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b><a href="http://www.space4peace.org/asat/chemlas.jpg"><img border="0" src="http://www.space4peace.org/asat/chemlas.gif" /></a></b></span></center> <div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>All future ASAT systems are not the very high tech Star Wars types of the Reagan era. Low(er) tech novel solutions are planned with some ready now. For example the Shuttle has satellite recovery ability evidenced by the Hubble repair effort. The captured Hubble could just as well have been an adversary’s spy satellite. Prepositioned space mines detonated when the offending satellite gets close are possible. A terrorist or military attack against a ground control station could disable a satellite just as effectively as an attack against the orbiting satellite. Unmanned satellite recovery is not beyond possibility. Recall that Mars was recently visited by robots. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>Electronic signal manipulation is another major class of ASAT weapons effort. The signal to the satellite can be disrupted with a very loud, ‘electronic,’ competing signal. It is thus, ‘jammed.’ The signal to the satellite can be changed with incorrect information replacing the correct information. This is called <i>"spoofing."</i> </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>A significant and detailed argument about whether ASATs will work can be found in Stares, Space and National Security and The Fallacy of Star Wars by the Union of Concerned Scientists and revolves around the issue of increasing satellite survivability, the process of making a satellite less vulnerable to ASAT attack. An assessment of the argument requires one mentally consider satellites and ASATs in an all out go-for-broke, third world war, no-holds-barred scenario. ASATs will probably work, will be able to shoot down satellites. But, every shot will not result in a satellite kill, and to the extent that the designers have <i>"hardened"</i> their satellite, the satellite will last just that much longer, until, designs of the ASATs can be changed to overcome the hardening. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>The methods used to <i>"harden"</i> or ‘increase the survivability of a satellite’ include some of the following: </b></span></div><ol style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;">
<li><b>To begin, a satellite can be moved to a higher orbit. If, for example, the ASAT is a ground launched rocket with direct hit-to-kill capability, moving the satellite can add hours travel time to the satellite, time in which ground controllers could take evasive maneuvers. </b> </li>
<li><b>For satellite systems under attack by a ASAT with exoatmospheric nuclear warhead tipped capability spreading the satellites far enough apart could keep the nuclear detonation from taking out more than one satellite, hardening ‘the system’. </b> </li>
<li><b>Changing the satellite profile into one with a low radar cross-section would make it harder to see and therefore harder to knock out. {This method of hardening is particularly ominous. Satellites use large solar panels to generate the electricity to run the satellite. These panels will be eliminated and replaced with nuclear reactors (radioisotope thermal generators- RTGs). The satellite radar cross-section will be reduced but the danger to life on planet Earth will be immeasurably enlarged as these reactors with huge amounts of nuclear isotopes are launched, orbited around Earth, and disposed of. The threat is in the launch and in subsequent accidental reentry to Earth and its atmosphere.(See discussion of Cassini)}. </b> </li>
<li><b>Stealth technology using radar absorbing materials that can be applied to the satellite surfaces or construction of the satellite with radar absorbing materials is now possible. </b> </li>
<li><b>Radar and laser illumination sensors that warn the satellite of impending ASAT attack are now available and/or under development. These hardening systems will include filters and special shutters to protect sensors. Note here that an ASAT attack does not have to blow up or completely destroy the satellite but can ruin or make inoperable the satellite by ruining the sensors it employs. </b> </li>
<li><b>Infrared flares used to confuse a guidance system using infrared sensoring is a reality. </b> </li>
<li><b>Radar jamming devices would reduce the ability of the ASAT to ‘see’ the satellite. </b> </li>
<li><b>Radiation hardening includes construction of the satellite with metals that reduce the conductivity to the previously mentioned ‘system generated electro-magnetic pulse’ which arises from an ASAT nuclear explosion. Electrical components are now available, off the shelf, that are radiation hardened. Wrapping electrical components with materials that reduce electro-magnetic field penetration, Faraday cages, are evidently more than a theoretical possibility. </b> </li>
<li><b>Special materials that can withstand the thermal effects of laser heating are being researched and probably are now available. </b> </li>
<li><b>Satellites with the ability to ‘shoot back’ will bring the satellite hardening from the defensive phase to the active phase and Star Wars as active war in space will then become a reality. </b> </li>
<li><b>Redundancy, or having capability for whatever the satellite is positioned to do, in the form of other satellites pre-positioned, to continue the operation after an attack and loss of the original, ‘hardens’ the system, and ensures continued satellite system operation. </b> </li>
<li><b>Decoys can be employed confusing the ASAT with too many targets, obscuring the operative satellite and in the case of ASATs launched from Earth making destruction very costly. </b></li>
</span></ol><span style="color: black; font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>An important problem arises that will have enormous ‘cost’ consequences for those societies that chose to enter the space weapons race. As soon as a particular satellite is hardened with a particular hardening methodology, in fact as soon as the contracts are signed to build a particular satellite with a particular hardening methodology, <i>"countermeasures"</i> to the hardened satellite will begin to be developed. The contract locks in the development. We buy the hardened satellite and <i>"countermeasures"</i> to it will force us to buy the next more highly developed system that overcomes the <i>"countermeasures."</i> A space-based arms race will ensue and the taxpayer foots the bill. </b></span><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>Lasers using a variety of energy sources are currently being both developed and tested. Lasers can operate from the Earth, from the atmosphere, or from space. All three are being developed. The Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL) was tested in October, 1997. Reports on its success indicate that the operators were positive about the outcome. It was tested against an Air Force satellite and was said to have followed the satellite successfully for 30 km.. The test seems to really have been on the equipment that tracks and targets the satellite. This is a device called the SeaLite Beam Director (SLBD) and it is a the critical component of the laser. The laser makes the light. Getting it onto the target for the length of time required is the harder task. The satellite is moving very fast so that tracking and targeting the satellite successfully is vitally important. The SLBD is a large chunk of metal and electronics weighing 28,000 pounds! The MIRACL is itself a large structure. It is like a large combustion engine. It is a large combustion engine, also weighing tons and presently is rated at 2+ megawatt. Calculations, considering hardening techniques of new materials, indicate the power requirements may need to be raised by several orders of magnitude. This implies much larger chunks of equipment to be lifted into space, and most important, power sources, increasingly large nuclear reactors with large loads of radioactive isotopes that can fall back to Earth and contaminate the Earth and atmosphere. </b></span></div><div style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: HELVETICA,ARIAL;"><b>The plan is to put a laser into a Boeing 747. When that effort is successful, size considerations will mean that the space-based laser will not be long in becoming a reality. Although part of the ballistic missile defense effort it will have satellite kill capacity and will therefore be a potential ASAT weapon as well. </b></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-43732191020417867712011-08-29T08:35:00.000-07:002011-08-29T08:35:28.773-07:00SPACE WAR 2<div style="color: black;"><span class="standardcontent"><strong>China Waging War on Space-Based Weapons</strong></span></div><div style="color: black;"><span class="standardcontent"><span class="normal"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;">What is China's position on space-based weapons? Considering the gap between what officials in Beijing say and what they do on the issue, it's hard to get a straight answer. But let's look at the facts.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;">For some time now, China has spearheaded an international movement to ban conventional weapons from space. More than a year ago, the Asian superpower -- joined by Russia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Belarus, Zimbabwe and Syria -- introduced a draft treaty at the United Nations to outlaw the deployment of space-based weapons.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>But even as it tries to rally multinational coalitions and public opinion to oppose "the weaponization of space," Beijing quietly continues to develop its own space-based weapons and tactics to destroy American military assets.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>China's strategy here is to blunt American military superiority by limiting and ultimately neutralizing its existing space-based defense assets, and to forestall deployment of new technology that many experts believe would provide the best protection from ballistic-missile attack.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>Chinese security experts have a keen appreciation of America's space-based assets and how the military envisions using them in future conflicts. Strategists in the People's Liberation Army have studied our campaigns in the 1991 Gulf War, Kosovo, Afghanistan and this year's war in Iraq.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>They have observed our overwhelming superiority in the general field of "C4ISR" (command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance). More importantly, they have noted that our superiority in communication, reconnaissance and surveillance depends on what we have up in space.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;">These lessons have convinced PLA military planners that America's strength can become our Achilles heel. If they can neutralize or destroy our space assets, American forces will lose a critical advantage, leaving them far more vulnerable to China's larger but less-advanced military.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>he importance the PLA attaches to space technology was stated most succinctly in a Dec. 12, 2001, article posted on the PLA Web site: "Whoever has control [or "hegemony"] over space will also have the ability to help or hinder and affect 'ground' mobility and air, sea and space combat." The article, dramatically entitled "The Weaponization of Space -- A Call to the Danger," dutifully calls for the "peace-loving nations and peoples of the world" to oppose this weaponization.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>But a d</b></span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;">ecade's-worth of technical articles in Chinese science digests discussing how to fight a war in space and analyzing U.S. strengths and vulnerability make it clear that Beijing has a long-running military program designed to challenge America's dominance in -- and dependence on -- space.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;">China's Technology Research Academy, for example, has been developing an advanced anti-satellite weapon called a "piggyback satellite." The system is designed to seek out an enemy satellite (or space station or space-based laser) and attach itself like a parasite, either jamming the enemy's communications or physically destroying the unit.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;">The PLA also is experimenting with other types of satellite killers: land-based, directed-energy weapons and "micro-satellites" that can be used as kinetic energy weapons. According to the latest (July 2003) assessment by the U.S. Defense Department, China will probably be a</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>ble to field a direct-ascent anti-satellite system in the next two to six years.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>Such weapons would directly threaten what many believe would be America's best form of ballistic-missile defense: a system of space-based surveillance and tracking sensors, connected with land-based sensors and space-based missile interceptors. Such a system could negate any Chinese missile attack on the U.S. homeland.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>China may be a long way from contemplating a ballistic missile attack on the U.S. homeland. But deployment of American space-based interceptors also would negate the missiles China is refitting to threaten Taiwan and U.S. bases in Okinawa and Guam. And there's the rub, as far as the PLA is concerned.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>Clearly, Beijing's draft treaty to ban deployment of space-based weapons is merely a delaying tactic aimed at hampering American progress on ballistic-missile defense while its own scientists develop effective countermeasures.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>What Beijing hopes to gain from this approach is the ability to disrupt American battlefield awareness -- and its command and control operations -- and to deny the U.S. access to the waters around China and Taiwan should the issue of Taiwan's sovereignty lead to conflict between the two Chinas.</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><b>China's military thinkers are probably correct: The weaponization of space is inevitable. And it's abundantly clear that, draft treaties and pious rhetoric notwithstanding, they're doing everything possible to position themselves for dominance</b></span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"> in space. That's worth keeping in mind the next time they exhort "peace-loving nations" to stay grounded.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span class="standardcontent"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Rumsfeld Preparing for War in Space</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"> </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span class="standardcontent"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Throughout the 20th century, in times of peace, U.S. military researchers were busy inventing new weapons for the next war. Donald Rumsfeld, the new Secretary of Defense, seems determined to lead us into the 21st century under the banner of "While you have peace on earth, prepare for war in space." With Rumsfeld running the Pentagon in the new Bush Administration, we need more than ever a public debate on his favorite cause, the militarization of space. Otherwise, we may plunge blindly into the era of space warfare that Pentagon-paid scientists already are planning.</b> </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>The wizards of military technology have always flourished in times of relative tranquility. From 1871 to 1914, Europeans enjoyed a peace that many believed would last forever. Hence their shock when they discovered, on the battlefields of World War I, the horrors of tanks, machine guns, submarines and poison gas.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>After the war, the shock waves reached the United States. American leaders signed a treaty outlawing war in 1928. By 1935, thousands of young men had added their names to a formal pledge never to take up arms again. Newspapers were filled with attacks on "the munitions makers."</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Meanwhile, devotees of aerial warfare were hard at work, promoting a new kind of warfare: aerial bombers carrying massive bombs, and massive aircraft carriers launching deadly fighter planes. There was little public debate about, or even notice of, these new weapons systems. Only sci</b>-<b>fi devotees even imagined the discoveries that were paving the way for the most massive bombs of all. When public debate erupted after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it was too late.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>In the post-cold war era of peace, weapons development continues at the nation's nuclear laboratories, where they plan to test the next generation of bombs on computers rather than under the ground. But who's paying attention? The real challenge with both nuclear and conventional weapons is figuring out where to use them and making sure they hit their intended targets. The mavens of military might think that they'll solve this by turning to the final frontier, space and the virtual frontier of computer technology. They have a passionate booster in Donald Rumsfeld.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>The Air Force's Space Command boasts that it can develop computerized satellites that will tell U.S. commanders everything that is happening, at every moment, everywhere in the world. They also promise that these satellites will guide U.S. weapons precisely to the target every time. They have already spent billions of dollars preparing for he militarization of space. But they want much more.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>We already have more destructive power than any one nation, or the world as a whole, could possibly use. We have that power because of another revolution in military technology that went largely unnoticed. During the dtente of the late 1960s and 1970s, the weapons designers went as far as they could with the big, unwieldy, city-busting bombs. So they invented a new generation of "smaller" strategic weapons, precision-guided by computers, mounted eight or ten at a time on a single warhead. Apart from a brief flap over defensive missile systems, there was scarcely any public interest.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>The Space Command plans to use its satellite-and-computer network not only for guiding these earth-based weapons, but to destroy enemy satellites. They call it "full-spectrum dominance." They say it will "protect U.S. interests and investments." There's nothing secret about their plan. They shout it out in glossy brochures and slick websites, hoping to get a bigger piece of the budgetary pie. Bush's appointment of Rumsfeld indicates that the new administration wants to cut the pie very much to the Space Command's liking.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>The only part of the plan getting scrutiny, now as in the 1960s, is missile defense. Space war boosters count on National Missile Defense (NMD) to insure "full-spectrum dominance," to spin off the technology that space wars will require, and to get us to pay for it all. Rumsfeld's passions for NMD and for space weapons are two sides of the same coin.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Once the Pentagon tosses that coin, there will be no way to stop an arms race in space whose costs, in money and eventually in human lives, is literally incalculable. Now is the time for a full-scale public debate of the militarization of space. That debate might well convince most of us that the Bush-Rumsfield course is too dangerous to follow. But even if most of us choose to accept it, we should choose it consciously, with full consideration of all the alternatives. Peacetime is the time to pay attention to the new technology of war. After the next war, it may be too late.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b> </b> </span></span></div></span></span><span class="standardcontent"><strong> </strong></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-20412427145815107682011-08-29T08:30:00.000-07:002011-08-29T08:31:13.905-07:00SPACE WAR 1<div align="left"><b>Air Force plans for future war in space</b> </div><div align="left"><b>Report details need for armada of space weaponryBy Leonard David</b> </div><div align="left"><b>Updated: 10:13 p.m. ET Feb. 23, 2004The U.S. Air Force has filed a futuristic flight plan, one that spells out need for an armada of space weaponry and technology for the near-term and in years to come. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Called the Transformation Flight Plan, the 176-page document offers a sweeping look at how best to expand America’s military space tool kit. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>The use of space is highlighted throughout the report, with the document stating that space superiority combines the following three capabilities: protect space assets, deny adversaries’ access to space, and quickly launch vehicles and operate payloads into space to quickly replace space assets that fail or are damaged/destroyed.</b> </div><div align="left"><b>From space global laser engagement, air launched anti-satellite missiles, to space-based radio frequency energy weapons and hypervelocity rod bundles heaved down to Earth from space – the U.S. Air Force flight plan portrays how valued space operations has become for the warfighter and in protecting the nation from chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high explosive attack.</b> </div><div align="left"><b>Now to far-term needs</b> </div><div align="left"><b>A number of space-related transformational capabilities are described in the document. While some of these are seen as needed in the near-term (until 2010), others are described as mid-term efforts in 2010-2015, while some efforts are viewed as far-term, beyond 2015. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Among a roster of projected Air Force space projects:</b> </div><div align="left"><b>Air-Launched Anti-Satellite Missile: Small air-launched missile capable of intercepting satellites in low Earth orbit and seen as a past 2015 development. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Counter Satellite Communications System: Provides the capability by 2010 to deny and disrupt an adversary's space-based communications and early warning. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Counter Surveillance and Reconnaissance System: A near-term program to deny, disrupt and degrade adversary space-based surveillance and reconnaissance systems. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Evolutionary Air and Space Global Laser Engagement (EAGLE) Airship Relay Mirrors: Significantly extends the range of both the Airborne Laser and Ground-Based Laser by using airborne, terrestrial or space-based lasers in conjunction with space-based relay mirrors to project different laser powers and frequencies to achieve a broad range of effects from illumination to destruction. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Ground-Based Laser: Propagates laser beams through the atmosphere to Low-Earth Orbit satellites to provide robust, post-2015 defensive and offensive space control capability. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Hypervelocity Rod Bundles: Provides the capability to strike ground targets anywhere in the world from space. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Orbital Deep Space Imager: A mid-term predictive, near-real time common operating picture of space to enable space control operations. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Orbital Transfer Vehicle: Significantly adds flexibility and protection of U.S. space hardware in post-2015 while enabling on-orbit servicing of those assets. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Rapid Attack Identification Detection and Reporting System: A family of systems that will provide near-term capability to automatically identify when a space system is under attack. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Space-Based Radio Frequency Energy Weapon: A far-term constellation of satellites containing high-power radio-frequency transmitters that possess the capability to disrupt/destroy/disable a wide variety of electronics and national-level command and control systems. It would typically be used as a non-kinetic anti-satellite weapon. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Space-Based Space Surveillance System: A near-term constellation of optical sensing satellites to track and identify space forces in deep space to enable offensive and defensive counterspace operations.</b> </div><br />
<center> <b>Rapid launch needs</b> </center> <br />
<div align="left"><b>The newly issued Air Force document makes the following point: "The U.S. space capability rests on the foundation of assured access." There is need to deploy, replenish, sustain, and redeploy space-based forces in minimum time to allow them to accomplish the missions assigned to them — through all phases of conflict.</b> </div><div align="left"><b>In this regard, the Air Force is exploring various future system concepts to launch, operate, and maintain space assets responsively. These include the Air Launch System, a dedicated, weather avoiding, on-demand (within 48 hours) system that can rocket into the sky at a wide variety of trajectories and can loft a Space Maneuver Vehicle, Common Aero Vehicle, or a conventional payload.</b> </div><div align="left"><b>As explained in the Air Force document, a Space Operations Vehicle (SOV) enables an on-demand spacelift capability with rapid turnaround. This SOV can be one of the vehicles that could deploy the Space Maneuver vehicle — a rapidly reusable orbital vehicle capable of executing a range of space control missions. In addition, the SOV can be utilized to deploy the Common Aero Vehicle, or CAV. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>The CAV is an unpowered, maneuverable, hypersonic glide vehicle deployed in the 2010-2015 time period. The CAV could be delivered by a range of delivery vehicles such as an expendable or reusable small launch vehicle to a fully reusable Space Operations Vehicle. It can guide and dispense conventional weapons, sensors or other payloads world wide from and through space within one hour of tasking. It would be able to strike a spectrum of targets, including mobile targets, mobile time sensitive targets, strategic relocatable targets, or fixed hard and deeply buried targets. The CAV’s speed and maneuverability would combine to make defenses against it extremely difficult.</b> </div><br />
<center> <b>Directed energy beams</b> </center> <br />
<div align="left"><b>Given the growing number of nations that utilize space, Air Force strategists see that trend as worrisome.</b> </div><div align="left"><b>"The ability to deny an adversary’s access to space services is essential so that future adversaries will be unable to exploit space in the same way the United States and its allies can. It will require full spectrum, sea, air, land, and space-based offensive counterspace systems capable of preventing unauthorized use of friendly space services and negating adversarial space capabilities from low Earth up to geosynchronous orbits.</b> </div><div align="left"><b>The focus, when practical, will be on denying adversary access to space on a temporary and reversible basis," the document states. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Air Force scientists and technologists are busy in the labs exploring the possibility of putting a warning energy "spot" on any target worldwide that could be rapidly followed with varying levels of effects. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>A possible breakthrough, the document adds, deals with a solid-state directed energy beam systems, operating at 100-kilowatt levels. "If the generation of large quantities of heat could be managed, the Air Force could develop highly effective, cheap, high power energy weapons."</b> </div><div align="left"><b>For example, Air Force researchers are looking at ways to collect or generate large quantities of energy on orbit in order to rely on space-based platforms for more missions and provide a greater degree of true global presence. "This would change many equations about traditional ideas of rapid response," the document explains.</b> </div><div align="left"><b>Sensor-to-shooter</b> </div><div align="left"><b>The report emphasizes that space capabilities are integral to modern war fighting forces, providing critical surveillance and reconnaissance information, especially over areas of high risk or denied access for airborne craft. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Space capabilities also provide weather and other Earth observation data, global communications, precision position, navigation, and timing to troops on the ground, ships at sea, aircraft in flight, and weapons en route to targets. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>Space assets are critical to achieving information superiority as they enable predictive and dominant battlespace awareness. As a result there can be a reduction in the "sensor-to-shooter" cycle to minutes or even seconds, the document explains.</b> </div><div align="left"><b>Real-time picture of the battlespace would involve an initial space-based Ground Moving Target Indicator capability. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>This capacity provides U.S. global strike forces with the ability to identify and track moving targets anywhere on the surface of the Earth. Also desirable is the ability to detect, locate, identify, and track a wide range of strategic and tactical targets that the United States currently has minimal capability to detect. These include weapons of mass destruction, hidden targets, and air moving targets. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>A real-time picture of the battlespace enables a commander to know where all friendly forces are, not only to better coordinate operations and avoid fratricide -- accidentally injuring or killing your own troops.</b> </div><br />
<center> <b>Roadmap to the future</b> </center> <br />
<div align="left"><b>In a February 17 press statement issued from the office of the Secretary of the Air Force, the public document on Air Force transformation is described as "a roadmap to the future".</b> </div><div align="left"><b>The Air Force flight plan is a reporting document that enables the Secretary of Defense to evaluate and interpret the Air Force's progress toward transformation. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>"Transformation is using new things and old things in new ways, and achieving truly transformational effects for the joint warfighter," said Lt. Gen. Duncan McNabb, Air Force director of plans and programs. </b> </div><div align="left"><b>The newly issued, publicly releasable report is the one unclassified document that presents an overarching picture of Air Force transformation, added Lt. Col. James McCaw, from the plans and programs directorate's transformation branch.</b> </div><div align="left"><b>"It will help the reader understand where the Air Force is going, and why we chose this path," McCaw concluded.</b></div><div align="left"><b>An Air Force report is giving what analysts call the most detailed picture since the end of the Cold War of the Pentagon's efforts to turn outer space into a battlefield.<br />
</b><br />
<b>For years, the American military has spoken in hints and whispers, if at all, about its plans to develop weapons in space. But the U.S. Air Force Transformation Flight Plan (PDF) changes all that. Released in November, the report makes U.S. dominance of the heavens a top Pentagon priority in the new century. And it runs through dozens of research programs designed to ensure that America can never be challenged in orbit -- from anti-satellite lasers to weapons that "would provide the capability to strike ground targets anywhere in the world from space."<br />
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Space has become an increasingly important part of U.S. military efforts. Satellites are used more and more to talk to troops, keep tabs on foes and guide smart bombs. There's also long been recognition that satellites may need some sort of protection against attack.<br />
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But the Air Force report goes far beyond these defensive capabilities, calling for weapons that can cripple other countries' orbiters.<br />
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That prospect worries some analysts that the U.S. may spark a worldwide arms race in orbit.<br />
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"I don't think other countries will be taking this lying down," said Theresa Hitchens, the vice president of the Center for Defense Information.<br />
</b><br />
<b>The space weapons programs listed in the Air Force report went largely unnoticed until Hitchens circulated them in an e-mail Thursday.<br />
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"This will certainly prompt China into actually moving forward" on space weapon plans of its own, she added. "The Russians are likely to respond with something as well."<br />
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This year, the Air Force will spend hundreds of millions of dollars to find ways to track enemy satellites -- and, if necessary, blind those eyes in the sky.<br />
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Michael Kucharek, a spokesman for the U.S. Air Force Space Command, said $66.4 million is being spent on a research project to "deny, disrupt and degrade adversary space-based surveillance and reconnaissance systems." He said another $79 million is funding efforts to build a "constellation of optical sensing satellites to track and identify space forces."<br />
</b><br />
<b>"As we look to the future, space is where our adversaries are looking to cut us off," Kucharek said. "We know from the attempted jamming of our GPS (global positioning system, which relies on satellites) during OIF (Operation Iraqi Freedom) that our enemies are going to try to deny us from using space."<br />
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But it's unclear whether putting weapons into space would provide much protection. The arms themselves could become sitting ducks in orbit -- giving the United States a new weakness, not a new strength. Satellites are already a weak "center of gravity" in American militarty planning, argues Bruce DeBlois, the editor of Beyond the Paths of Heaven: The Emergence of Space Power Thought. They're vulnerbale to electronic jamming, orbiting projectiles and nuclear detonations in near-Earth space. The space-based weapons would have all of the same vulnerabilities -- and would make that center of gravity a more inviting target.<br />
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"Simply put, we would posture ourselves as a target in a volatile context that we create, and weaken ourselves at the same time," Bruce DeBlois, the editor of Beyond the Paths of Heaven: The Emergence of Space Power Thought, told a George Washington University audience last year.<br />
</b><br />
<b>However, there's more to the Air Force plan than keeping satellites safe. The Evolutionary Air and Space Global Laser Engagement, or EAGLE, project aims to put mirrors underneath an airship 25 times the size of the Goodyear blimp. In theory, lasers -- fired from the ground, from space, or from the air -- would bounce off these blimp-borne mirrors, to track or even destroy enemy missiles.<br />
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Incredible as it sounds, the EAGLE effort is underway at the Air Force Research Laboratory's Directed Energy division, sources there confirm. Also under research at the lab is the Ground-Based Laser, which, according to the Air Force report, would shoot "laser beams through the atmosphere" to knock out enemy spacecraft in low-earth orbit.<br />
</b><br />
<b>Even more outlandish is the Hypervelocity Rod Bundles research project. That effort calls for creating a system of metal poles, fired from space, that could strike anywhere on the planet. It's a long-held -- and long-ridiculed -- idea. Keeping the rods from liquefying as they enter the atmosphere is a daunting task, noted Columbia University physics professor Richard Garwin in a 2003 presentation (PDF). In order to be considered effective weapons, he said, the "rods would need to be orbited at very low altitudes, and could only deliver one-ninth the destructive energy per gram as a conventional bomb."<br />
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Despite such technical hurdles, space-based arms are legal. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 only bans nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction from orbit.<br />
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Over the years, American administrations have looked into developing such weapons -- most notably, as part of President Reagan's Star Wars anti-missile initiative.<br />
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However, Hitchens said, "no U.S. president has authorized the deployment of a space weapon, at least in the white (unclassified) world."<br />
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Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, on the other hand, long has advocated sending arms into orbit. Just before taking office in 2001, he chaired a commission on space and national security that warned that the country could face a "space Pearl Harbor" (PDF) in the years to come. This calamity must be avoided, the commission declared, asserting that the best way to do that is to "vigorously pursue the capabilities ... to ensure that the President will have the option to deploy weapons in space."<br />
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But pursuing such a strategy may actually put the United States in greater jeopardy, argues David Wright, with the Union of Concerned Scientists.<br />
</b><br />
<b>"You're opening a door you might rather not have opened," he said.<br />
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"America is the country with the most satellites, he explained. By developing anti-satellite weapons, "it legitimizes systems that the U.S. has the most to lose from." Other countries could start pursuing long-taboo space weapons efforts. And while countries like China don't have the technical sophistication of the United States, they already have the capabilities to hurt us in space -- medium range missiles, and nuclear warheads.<br />
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Wright added, "This could trigger a backlash that actually leaves the U.S. worse off."<br />
</b><b> </b> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-89675163485222379572011-08-29T08:22:00.000-07:002011-08-29T08:22:15.718-07:00ELECTRONIC WAR<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<tr> <td class="image"> <div id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_ImageField__ControlWrapper_RichImageField" style="display: inline;"><span dir=""><img alt="" border="0" height="220" src="http://rslf.gov.sa/English/AlBarriyaMagazine/Articles/PublishingImages/Techniques%20electromagnetic%20war%20and%20the%20destruction%20of%20information%20systems%20and%20threaten%20the%20security%20of%20States.JPG" style="border: 0px solid;" width="280" /></span> </div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="justify" class="pageContent" id="pageContentEditor" style="vertical-align: text-top;"> <div id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_Content__ControlWrapper_RichHtmlField" style="display: inline;">The world is trying to avoid a possible war based on a deliberate transmission of radio interference waves which destroys the information systems of vital sectors and threatens national security using electromagnetic technologies. Scientific research and technology academies in a number of countries have therefore started to allocate funds for several scientific studies aimed at facing the risk of the so-called electromagnetic terrorism "which has become an important and crucial part and an essential pillar of a new war that the world is facing now: "the Information War".<br />
Many communications and electronics scientists and specialists believe that the most dangerous form of this war, the courses and tracks of which are controlled by the developed countries, can be seen in the continuous attempts to influence the information systems used for command, control and defense.<br />
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<strong>Electromagnetic Systems:</strong><br />
So the systems which are dependent on computers, communications networks and satellites are aimed at destroying the enemy's ability and paralyzing its movements before he ever begins to take decisions. Now the world is living the third wave of development. After the waves of agriculture and industry, now comes the electronic wave that has produced a civilization which is accelerating the pace of history, changing the quality of life and shaping a new age based on modern components. This electronic wave is by definition bringing an increased use of the system of facilities and technological equipment associated with the emission of electromagnetic radiations such as Radar systems, transmission towers, satellite receivers, telecommunication stations, high tension power transmission lines, mobile telephone networks, electromagnetic wave generation equipment and microwave ovens. It has been said that those products represent the positive side of the latest wave despite the risk it involves to human health when the permissible radiation levels are exceeded by the production or interception of electromagnetic energy through the use of sophisticated frequency generators and highly sensitive sensors. The extent of the electro optical spectrum includes the range of infra-red rays within the electromagnetic spectrum. The spectral range of 0.3 to 14 microns is the range more commonly used in the practical military application of the electro optical weapons systems due to weather conditions and the types of possible targets. There are two types of technology applied to modern electro optical systems: The thermal vision technology and the laser technology, each of which would normally be part of a complicated system such as a fire command system or a target identification system.<br />
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<strong>Producing Clean Weapons:</strong><br />
Since the turn of the century, companies have been busy trying to develop unconventional weapons capable of paralyzing the enemy and neutralizing his combat capability making it easier to the user to control the battle space. Such weapons include the so-called electromagnetic weapons which can produce micro-rays capable of neutralizing the enemy, whatever the size of his forces, in a circle not exceeding a few kilometers in diameter. It can also create an electromagnetic spectrum capable of turning electronic equipment ineffective and jamming computers.<br />
Those research initiatives are aimed at producing weapons which can crush enemies without causing economic damage to property, producing harmful waste or causing large-scale pollution. The ultimate goal is to achieve a so-called "clean war". It is possible to underline three main differences between electromagnetic weapons and conventional weapons:<br />
<strong>First: </strong>In arms weapons the required force for firing bullets or mineral shells is generated by the chemical combustion of gunpowder.<br />
<strong>Second:</strong> In electromagnetic weapons, thermal chemical or electrochemical generators and photo cells, or even nuclear cells, are used to produce radio energy required for producing a self-propelled non-corporeal projectile.<br />
<strong>Third: </strong>An electromagnetic gun or rifle would not assume the traditional shape of a tube, but would more accurately be likened to an antenna.<br />
The radio waves of electromagnetic weapons move at sound speed that is approximately 300 thousand kilometers per second far more than the speed of an ordinary projectile compared to the fastest missile known today which cannot exceed the threshold of 30 thousand kilometers an hour.<br />
While fire arms are classified according to their caliber, electromagnetic weapons' classification is based on the length of the radio waves they generate.<br />
There are five types of classified electromagnetic weapons identified as:<br />
- Weapons designed to extremely low frequency.<br />
- Weapons designed to long radio waves of low frequency..<br />
- Weapons designed to high frequency microwaves.<br />
- Weapons designed to photoelectric cells.<br />
- Weapons designed to operate on electronics, ions or molecules.<br />
The first three classes belong to the type of waves known as the "hertzian waves". Early experimentation on the weapons operating on the low frequency long radio waves which came to be known as extremely low frequency (E.L.F) weapons with a frequency of zero to 30 hertz or super low frequency (S.L.F) weapons of 30 to 300 hertz started during the 1950s with the aim of establishing high capacity ELF and SLF transmission stations in order to create an extensive hertzian network linked to underwater submarines. But the US Navy soon dropped the project in favor of developing satellite communication technologies.<br />
<strong>What Are the Huge Damages Caused by These Waves?</strong><br />
These waves are harmful although they do not destroy living cells. Yet the other damages caused are so exceedingly more serious. The shorter the wave and the higher its frequency is, the higher is the expected damage. Those waves can affect the functioning of psychological and biological systems in humans. Studies conducted by Professor Herbert Conaig of the University of Munich in the 1960s found that ELF and SLF radiations have had their effect in changing the reaction of persons subjected to them.<br />
Conaig also concluded that magnetic and non-ionized components of the radio waves can change the physio-chemical functions of the human body especially the work of the endocrine glands. Later in the 20th century, Dr. John Hammar made his own experiments at Northrobe space company laboratories and came to the same conclusions achieved by professor Conaig.<br />
The US Army is known to have carried out secret experiments on ionized short-wave electromagnetic energy.<br />
The Soviets have in turn, made an important development of these weapons. Microwave News Review reported that former Russian President Boris Yeltsin has supervised studies by the KGB aimed at "using un-ionized short waves to kill persons at long distances by stopping their heart beats".<br />
In the United States, studies for the development of these weapons are still going on in collaboration between the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice. Professor Bernard Ferry, director of the Radiation-material Physics laboratory at the University of Bordeaux is of the opinion that efforts for the manufacturing of electromagnetic weapons were originally initiated for the development of effective devices for the destruction of material targets especially electronic equipment but they were finally diverted to seeking the destruction of men at the same time.<br />
But what professor Ferry did not say is that there is now an arsenal of electromagnetic weapons in addition to killer radars which use radio waves and microwaves capable of generating a multi-billion watt power of radio energy stocked as part of the weapons arsenals of the United States of America.<br />
The purpose of these weapons is to target electronic equipment, but this did not stop some countries from targeting people as did a few countries in the former Soviet Union.<br />
As for the biological and molecular effects of radiations of different levels of energy, it is known that substance is affected by radiation up to certain limits depending on the energy produced. The effect of short waves of very high frequency such as X-rays or Gamma rays on substance may take the shape of removing one electron or more in an atom, for example, changing it into an ion. Its biological effect in this case, would be like rupturing the fibers of the DNA and stopping the ability of cells to divide.<br />
Radiations with greater wave lengths and lesser frequency such as ultraviolet rays would cause an excitation of atoms and cohesion of the DNA fibres rather than ruptures and would therefore have lighter effect compared to ionized rays. Thermal or microwave rays of high wavelengths and lesser frequency have effect on increasing the movement of water molecules and neutralizing them in a narrow space causing burns or other damage resulting from high temperature on the exposed location. Therefore, prototypes of these weapons were designed to be carried by helicopter planes whose basic task was to direct their tactical weapons through systems on board.<br />
These Russian experiments prompted the Americans to follow suit and they soon began, with the help of scientists from the former East European Bloc, to produce radiological and microwave weapons as well as generators of high energy microwaves. The set goal was to produce large quantities of electromagnetic energy and later launch them in the form of pulses or beams.<br />
By using special types of antennae to control the geography and limits of extension of the magnetic field, the Americans tried to have this energy condensed toward certain objects (first using animal herds like rams and sheep).<br />
On march 2, 2001, the New York Times published a report saying that the US Department of Defense has produced a new weapon that uses electromagnetic waves to disperse demonstrations within the reach of a 900-meter long radio beam. The weapon was said to cause pains similar to surface burns on the skin. The report likened the weapon to new style rubber bullets of the 21st century.<br />
But that was not all. The newspaper ignored the issue of the high microwave energy generators capable of producing high frequency waves whose power is equal to the power of nuclear weapons. These "electromagnetic bombs" can be carried by long range ballistic missiles of "Cruise" or "Tomahawk" types as well as "Apache" and "Black Hawk" aircraft. These electromagnetic bombs can be dropped like classical bombs and within a fraction of a second from their explosion they will generate a tremendous energy estimated at billions of amperes which will cover a circle at least one mile in diameter. The power of explosion of an electromagnetic bomb is estimated at approximately 300 billion watts. "Exposing a man to such energy", wrote French magazine Science IV, "is like throwing him into a large microwave oven to burn him alive".<br />
Although there is no known party who has, so far, made an official announcement on testing or using electromagnetic weapons in real well-known battles, the results of testing them on animals were amazing, as claimed by their producers. The question is: Will the results remain amazing, and will these weapons continue to have a major role if the enemy is deployed in entrenched locations protected against direct exposure to the beams?<br />
<br />
<strong>Deliberate Use</strong><br />
Egypt's Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research Dr. Mufeed Chehab has announced that the greatest danger from this electronic wave is the risk of deliberate use known as "electromagnetic terrorism". Such terrorism, he said, can be unleashed by generating electromagnetic waves and spreading them with the aim of destroying or jamming electronic equipment. Otherwise the goal could be to destroy defense and control systems and computer systems of banks, institutions, hospitals, the civil aviation and national security. The ultimate goal would be to destroy the capabilities of an adversary or rival or neutralize his ability to move before he begins to think of taking action. He noted that there is a military inclination by some for the deliberate use of the electromagnetic waves and their interpenetrations saying that such deliberate use has many forms including the use of high intensity electromagnetic waves for interfering electronic equipment or using waves of much higher intensity to destroy the sensitive components of electronic equipment. Also stopping electronic equipment. He said the electromagnetic pulse accompanying the high level bomb explosions cause damage to sensitive components of electronic equipment. Dr. Chehab said, however, that interference may reach the electronic equipment targeted for jamming either through the antennae of telecommunication equipment or radar system, or through transmitting and receiving signals, power supply lines by direct injection of interference signals or by making the lines pick it from deliberately spread electromagnetic beams. For a deliberate interference made by remote controlled electromagnetic waves to reach the targeted equipment, high powered transmitters must be used for the transmission of the interference along with the use of highly directive antennae to direct the interference signals to the target. Dr. Chehab confirmed that these jamming techniques have traditionally been used in electronic warfare against radar systems and communications. He said interference can be higher than the receiving signal in the communication equipment or radar, hence making the equipment unable to pick the required information, or it may otherwise take the form of the smart use of pulses such as radar systems or computers, where it is possible to send misleading information to such equipment.<br />
<br />
<strong>Interference Weapons</strong><br />
On the same subject, Dr. Abdul Hadi Ammar, a lecturer at the College of Engineering, Al-Azhar University and leader of the research team assigned to study the problem of electromagnetic terrorism, revealed that this dangerous weapon originated in Russia with the aim of overcoming the advanced electronic equipment owned by the Western Countries but was later developed to become a general trend of using electromagnetic weapons, based on this principle. Not only that, he said, but the developed countries, especially the nuclear powers, have even designed nuclear bombs with a radiation to the electromagnetic pulse which has a very high energy to be used mainly for the purpose of destroying electronic equipment. A parallel effort was directed to the deign of antennae for the transmission of pulses in the direction of the target. Therefore, many countries are turning their attention to the study of this discipline to uncover the levels at which they can affect the work of equipment through pulses when they use their own protection procedures. Fortunately, this destructive trend of manufacturing these electromagnetic weapons was accompanied by a simultaneous trend for the protection of electronic equipment from the threat of high capacity electromagnetic waves, the most dangerous weapon of an escalating war among countries around the world and a means that the superpowers want to use to dominate and control the weaker nations. There are the so-called multiple electromagnetic barriers, high frequency filters, adequate cable wiring that prevents electromagnetic wave penetration through electronic equipment which are increasingly being used in the fields of communication, transfer of information, computers, banks, hospitals, civil aviation, national security, satellites and almost all walks of life.<br />
In the same context, American researchers have also succeeded in the development of an electronic weapon which can send radiological waves capable of jamming any electronic equipment in a few seconds. Amateurs can also design this type of weapon using power circuit components available from any store selling electronic tools making it easy for terrorist groups to carry it and use it to disable electronic equipment and systems used by institutions, companies, banks, hospitals and airports.<br />
The website "pcworld.com" quoted Randy Bernard, vice president of Schriner Engineering Company whose engineers have developed the new radiological weapon and showed it in a presentation attended by US Government experts, as saying that the weapon sends out fast and intense gushes of radio waves which destroy any unprotected electronic equipment, such as personal computers, home-installed security systems, scanners (used by police) or medical equipment and air traffic control systems.<br />
The use of the Radio weapon demonstrated to the US security and defense experts had a very bad effect on electronic equipment causing the computer monitors to shake or freeze, stopping medical equipment and thief protection security systems. A video camera purchased for the special purpose of filming the new weapon’s demonstration was also malfunctioning.<br />
The weapon designers said they bought all the components from ordinary stores or through the internet at a cost of ten thousand dollars. New testing is now planned before a second run of the weapon’s demonstration is made next summer. After the demonstration, the US Department of Defense announced that it has allocated 4 million dollars for new research on this type of radio weapons and to prevent terrorist groups from developing them.<br />
<strong>Weapons of the Next Century:</strong><br />
<br />
According to strategic expert Paul Beaver future military equipment will be more invisible, more sophisticated and less costly. Beaver believes that development will be in the field of military aeronautical technology. US military experts believe that by the start of the third decade of the next century, more than half the US Air Force will consist of drones. It is expected that these planes will go through highly complicated advancement and ability to disguise which will make it difficult for the enemy to detect them.<br />
The ability to disguise will also be applied to other military equipment such as warships, tanks and other. The high development of information technology, easy communication on the ground and in space will complicate the role of intelligence agencies and add to the importance of on spot information for the assignment of tasks, decision making and the speedy implementation of orders. The information war has become a solid fact after the ability of the computers microprocessor for extensive deployment was increased. Other factors include the advancement of sensors’ technology, fast response in operation and contact to save more energy for the engagement in battles. There is moreover, the big advancements made in digital technology and the consequent rise of the so-called Broadband transmission lines and the development of the ability of the technology of optical fibers to transfer audio-visual data and information in computers. The possession of such power – according to a former European official who was in charge of armament coordination among NATO allies – gives the owner upper hand in the management of any crisis. “Virtual Reality” now plays a major role in defense operations as it offers numerous ways usable in planning battle games using computers. According to a report published by US-Based Time Magazine, the Pentagon is now studying the secret developments of the information war achieved in the past few years and analyzing results in order to see how to use such technologies in future warfare.<br />
<strong>Testing the Electromagnetic Waves </strong><br />
Observers are looking at America’s ability to produce and develop software weapons that can be used in future wars. Modern technology weapons, as witnessed in the Second Gulf War, have demonstrated a terrible ability for the mass slaughtering of people. Washington believes that future wars can be fought and won without loss of life by using information war and by resorting to non lethal war. The future battlefield will be the cyber space and warriors will be the cyber knights who master the software skills and other modern technology ways and will be armed with viruses, bombs and electronic worms to attack the enemy’s computers.<br />
It is noteworthy that such viruses and electromagnetic pulses can be used to destroy aircraft systems such as navigation systems, communications, security, computers and electronic take off and landing aids. It has been said that the most likely cause of the TWA plane crash on the east coast of the United States was the use of these weapons.<br />
Some developed countries are testing the possibility of using high capacity electromagnetic waves for heating the ionosphere layer to hamper telecommunication systems that use it or path through it in an adversary or rival country. There is, moreover, the so-called electromagnetic tapping eavesdropping which uses highly sensitive devices to capture very week emissions of electronic equipment, such as computers. The technique is widely used to target strategic centers affecting national security, but it is also used to uncover industrial secrets or confidential bank dealings.<br />
History records that the first ever computers originated in the battlefield, for it was discovered by US military experts who were the first to create the electronic network back in the 1960s and gave it the name – AR PANET – after the work was funded by the US Department of Defense. Today, it was a surprise to see that computers, who have always been so peaceful and friendly at home and in the work place, are now showing their military teeth in wars that the computer will probably create to show off its destructive intelligence.</div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-66608175040060590912011-08-28T09:06:00.000-07:002011-08-28T09:06:11.854-07:00GEOPOLOTIC,GEOSTRATEGY AND ASTROPOLITIC<b>Geopolitics</b> is a theory within the International Relations and describes the relation between politics and territory and comprises the art and practice of analyzing, proscribing, forecasting and using political power over a given territory. Traditionally, the term has applied primarily to the impact of geography on politics, but its usage has evolved over the past century to encompass wider connotations.<br />
In the abstract, geopolitics traditionally indicates the links and causal relationships between political power and geographic space; in concrete terms it is often seen as a body of thought assaying specific strategic prescriptions based on the relative importance of land power and sea power in world history... The geopolitical tradition had some consistent concerns, like the geopolitical correlates of power in world politics, the identification of international core areas, and the relationships between naval and terrestrial capabilities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Academically, the study of geopolitics involves the analysis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> with reference to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_politics" title="Spatial politics">spatial politics</a> and patterns at various scales (ranging from the level of the state to international). It is multidisciplinary in its scope, and includes all aspects of the social sciences with particular emphasis on political geography, international relations, the territorial aspects of political science and international law.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Also, the study of geopolitics includes the study of the ensemble of relations between the interests of international political actors, interests focused to an area, space, geographical element or ways, relations which create a geopolitical system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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</tbody></table><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_Geopolitical_Thought">History of Geopolitical Thought</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ratzel">Ratzel</span></h3>The term was coined at the beginning of the 20th century by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kjell%C3%A9n" title="Rudolf Kjellén">Rudolf Kjellén</a>, a Swedish political scientist, inspired by the German geographer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</a>, whose book <i>Politische Geographie</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a>) was published in 1897. It was later popularized in English by the American diplomat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9" title="Robert Strausz-Hupé">Robert Strausz-Hupé</a>, a faculty member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a> had a pioneering role in the field, however he actually never used the term geopolitics himself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The geopolitical theory of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</a> (1844–1904) has been criticized as being too sweeping, his interpretation of human history and geography too simple and mechanistic. In his analysis of the importance of mobility, and the move from sea to rail transport, he failed to predict the revolutionary impact of air power. Critically also he underestimated the importance of social organization in the development of power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Mackinder_and_the_Heartland">Mackinder and the Heartland</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 452px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pivot_area.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="225" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pivot_area.png/450px-Pivot_area.png" width="450" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pivot_area.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Sir Halford Mackinder's Heartland concept showing the situation of the "pivot area" established in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_Heartland" title="Theory of the Heartland">Theory of the Heartland</a>.</div></div></div>The concept of geopolitics initially gained attention through the work of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halford_John_Mackinder" title="Halford John Mackinder">Sir Halford Mackinder</a> in England and his formulation of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_Theory" title="Heartland Theory">Heartland Theory</a> which was set out in his article entitled "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">The Geographical Pivot of History</a>" in 1904. Mackinder's doctrine of geopolitics involved concepts diametrically opposed to the notion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a> about the significance of navies (he coined the term <i>sea power</i>) in world conflict. The Heartland theory hypothesized the possibility for a huge empire being brought into existence in the Heartland, which wouldn't need to use coastal or transoceanic transport to remain coherent. The basic notions of Mackinder's doctrine involve considering the geography of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> as being divided into two sections, the World Island or Core, comprising <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>; and the Periphery, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. Not only was the Periphery noticeably smaller than the World Island, it necessarily required much sea transport to function at the technological level of the World Island, which contained sufficient natural resources for a developed economy. Also, the industrial centers of the Periphery were necessarily located in widely separated locations. The World Island could send its navy to destroy each one of them in turn. It could locate its own industries in a region further inland than the Periphery could, so they would have a longer struggle reaching them, and would face a well-stocked industrial bastion. Mackinder called this region the <i>Heartland</i>. It essentially comprised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, Western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a> (a German term for Central Europe). The Heartland contained the grain reserves of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and many other natural resources. Mackinder's notion of geopolitics can be summed up in his saying "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland. Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island. Who rules the World-Island commands the World." His doctrine was influential during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wars" title="World Wars">World Wars</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and later <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> each made territorial strides toward the Heartland.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Geopolitik_and_its_Association_with_Nazism">Geopolitik and its Association with Nazism</span></h3>After <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the thoughts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kjell%C3%A9n" title="Rudolf Kjellén">Rudolf Kjellén</a> (1864–1922), a Swedish political scientist, and the term "geopolitics", which he coined, were picked up and extended by a number of German authors such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Karl Haushofer</a> (1869–1946), Erich Obst, Hermann Lautensach and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Maull" title="Otto Maull">Otto Maull</a>. In 1923 Karl Haushofer founded the <i>Zeitschrift für Geopolitik</i> (Journal for Geopolitics), which developed as a propaganda organ for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. However, more recently Haushofer's influence within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> has been questioned (O'Tuathail, 1996) since Haushofer failed to incorporate the Nazis' racial ideology into his work. Popular views of the role of geopolitics in the Nazi Third Reich suggest a fundamental significance on the part of the geopoliticians in the ideological orientation of the Nazi state. Bassin (1987) reveals that these popular views are in important ways misleading and incorrect. Despite the numerous similarities and affinities between the two doctrines, geopolitics was always held suspect by the National Socialist ideologists. This suspicion was understandable, for the underlying philosophical orientation of geopolitics ran counter to that of National Socialism. Geopolitics, deriving from the political geography of Ratzel, shared his scientific materialism and determinism. Human society was determined by external influences, in the face of which qualities held innately by individuals or groups were of reduced or no significance. National Socialism rejected in principle both materialism and determinism and also elevated innate human qualities, in the form of a hypothesized 'racial character,' to the factor of greatest significance in the constitution of human society. These differences led after 1933 to friction and ultimately to open denunciation of geopolitics by Nazi ideologues.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Huntington">Huntington</span></h3>Since then, the word <i>geopolitics</i> has been applied to other theories, most notably the notion of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_of_Civilizations" title="The Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel Huntington</a>. In a peaceable world, neither sea lanes nor surface transport are threatened; hence all countries are effectively close enough to one another physically. It is in the realm of the political ideas, workings, and cultures that there are differences, and the term has shifted more towards this arena, especially in its popular usage. Huntington’s geopolitical model, especially the structures for North Africa and Eurasia, is largely derived from the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_Region" title="Intermediate Region">Intermediate Region</a>" geopolitical model first formulated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Dimitri Kitsikis</a> and published in 1978.<br />
<br />
<b>Geostrategy</b>, a subfield of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a>, is a type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> guided principally by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographical</a> factors as they inform, constrain, or affect political and military planning. As with all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategies</a>, geostrategy is concerned with matching means to ends<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-strategy1_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-strategy1-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-strategy2_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-strategy2-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-strategy3_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-strategy3-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-strategy4_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-strategy4-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-strategy5_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-strategy5-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> — in this case, a country's resources (whether they are limited or extensive) with its geopolitical objectives (which can be local, regional, or global). Strategy is as intertwined with geography as geography is with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nationhood</a>, or as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_S._Gray" title="Colin S. Gray">Gray</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Sloan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Geoffrey Sloan (page does not exist)">Sloan</a> state it, "[geography is] the mother of strategy."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mother_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mother-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Geostrategists, as distinct from geopoliticians, advocate proactive strategies, and approach geopolitics from a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> point-of-view. As with all <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theory" title="Political theory">political theories</a>, geostrategies are relevant principally to the context in which they were devised: the nationality of the strategist, the strength of his or her country's resources, the scope of his or her country's goals, the political geography of the time period, and the technological factors that affect military, political, economic, and cultural engagement. Geostrategy can function normatively, advocating foreign policy based on geographic factors, analytical, describing how foreign policy is shaped by geography, or predictive, predicting a country's future foreign policy decisions on the basis of geographic factors.<br />
Many geostrategists are also geographers, specializing in subfields of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geography</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">economic geography</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">cultural geography</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_geography" title="Military geography">military geography</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">strategic geography</a>. Geostrategy is most closely related to strategic geography.<br />
Especially following <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, some scholars divide geostrategy into two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">schools</a>: the uniquely German <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_state_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Organic state theory (page does not exist)">organic state theory</a>; and, the broader <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-American_relations" title="Anglo-American relations">Anglo-American</a> geostrategies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-parameters_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-parameters-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tyner_7-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-Tyner-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Russell_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-Russell-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Critics of geostrategy have asserted that it is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> gloss used by dominant nations to justify <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemonic</a> aspirations, or that it has been rendered irrelevant because of technological advances, or that its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialist</a> focus on geography leads geostrategists to incorrect conclusions about the conduct of foreign policy.<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Defining_geostrategy">Defining geostrategy</span></h2>Academics, theorists, and practitioners of geopolitics have agreed upon no standard definition for "geostrategy." Most all definitions, however, emphasize the merger of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategic</a> considerations with geopolitical factors. While geopolitics is ostensibly neutral, examining the geographic and political features of different regions, especially the impact of geography on politics, geostrategy involves comprehensive planning, assigning means for achieving national goals or securing assets of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> or political significance.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Coining_the_term">Coining the term</span></h3>The term "<b>geo-strategy</b>" was first used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_L._Schuman" title="Frederick L. Schuman">Frederick L. Schuman</a> in his 1942 article "Let Us Learn Our Geopolitics." It was a translation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> term "<i><b>Wehrgeopolitik</b></i>" as used by German geostrategist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Karl Haushofer</a>. Previous translations had been attempted, such as "<b>defense-geopolitics</b>." <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9" title="Robert Strausz-Hupé">Robert Strausz-Hupé</a> had coined and popularized "<b>war geopolitics</b>" as another alternate translation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gyorgy_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-gyorgy-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_definitions">Modern definitions</span></h3><ul><li>"[G]eostrategy is about the exercise of power over particularly critical spaces on the Earth’s surface; about crafting a political presence over the international system. It is aimed at enhancing one’s security and prosperity; about making the international system more prosperous; about shaping rather than being shaped. A geostrategy is about securing access to certain trade routes, strategic bottlenecks, rivers, islands and seas. It requires an extensive military presence, normally coterminous with the opening of overseas military stations and the building of warships capable of deep oceanic power projection. It also requires a network of alliances with other great powers who share one’s aims or with smaller ‘lynchpin states’ that are located in the regions one deems important."</li>
</ul><dl><dd>—James Rogers and Luis Simón, "Think Again: European Geostrategy"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-geostrategy_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-geostrategy-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl><ul><li>"[T]he words <i>geopolitical, strategic,</i> and <i>geostrategic</i> are used to convey the following meanings: <i>geopolitical</i> reflects the combination of geographic and political factors determining the condition of a state or region, and emphasizing the impact of geography on politics; <i>strategic</i> refers to the comprehensive and planned application of measures to achieve a central goal or to vital assets of military significance; and <b>geostrategic</b> merges strategic consideration with geopolitical ones."</li>
</ul><dl><dd>—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, <i>Game Plan</i> (emphasis in original)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gameplan_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-gameplan-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl><ul><li>"For the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> geostrategy involves the purposeful management of geostrategically dynamic states and the careful handling of geopolitically catalytic states, in keeping with the twin interests of America in the short-term preservation of its unique global power and in the long-run transformation of it into increasingly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionalism_in_international_relations" title="Institutionalism in international relations">institutionalized</a> global cooperation. To put it in a terminology that hearkens back to the more brutal age of ancient empires, the three grand imperatives of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial</a> geostrategy are to prevent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">collusion</a> and maintain <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_defense" title="Collective defense">security dependence</a> among the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a>, to keep <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compliance" title="Compliance">pliant</a> and protected, and to keep the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a> from coming together."</li>
</ul><dl><dd>—Zbigniew Brzezinski, <i>The Grand Chessboard</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chessboard_12-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-chessboard-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl><ul><li><i>Geostrategy</i> is the geographic direction of a state's foreign policy. More precisely, geostrategy describes where a state concentrates its efforts by projecting military power and directing diplomatic activity. The underlying assumption is that states have limited resources and are unable, even if they are willing, to conduct a <i>tous asimuths</i> foreign policy. Instead they must focus politically and militarily on specific areas of the world. Geostrategy describes this foreign-policy thrust of a state and does not deal with motivation or decision-making processes. The geostrategy of a state, therefore, is not necessarily motivated by geographic or geopolitical factors. A state may project power to a location because of ideological reasons, interest groups, or simply the whim of its leader.</li>
</ul><dl><dd>—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_J._Grygiel" title="Jakub J. Grygiel">Jakub J. Grygiel</a>, <i>Great Powers and Geopolitical Change</i> (emphasis in original)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gpagc_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-gpagc-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl><ul><li>"It is recognized that the term <b>'geo-strategy'</b> is more often used, in current writing, in a global context, denoting the consideration of global land-sea distribution, distances, and accessibility among other geographical factors in strategic planning and action... Here the definition of geo-strategy is used in a more limited regional frame wherein the <i>sum of geographic factors interact to influence or to give advantage to one adversary, or intervene to modify strategic planning as well as political and military venture.</i>"</li>
</ul><dl><dd>—<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lim_Joo-Jock&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lim Joo-Jock (page does not exist)">Lim Joo-Jock</a>, <i>Geo-Strategy and the South China Sea Basin.</i> (emphasis in original)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-joo-jock_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-joo-jock-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl><ul><li>"A science named "geo-strategy" would be unimaginable in any other period of history but ours. It is the characteristic product of turbulent twentieth-century world politics."</li>
</ul><dl><dd>-<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Gyorgi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Andrew Gyorgi (page does not exist)">Andrew Gyorgi</a>, <i>The Geopolitics of War: Total War and Geostrategy</i> (1943).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gyorgy_9-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-gyorgy-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl><ul><li>"'Geostrategy,'—a word of uncertain meaning—has... been avoided."</li>
</ul><dl><dd>—<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_B._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Stephen B. Jones (page does not exist)">Stephen B. Jones</a>, "The Power Inventory and National Strategy"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jones_15-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-jones-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl><h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_geostrategy">History of geostrategy</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Precursors">Precursors</span></h3>As early as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, observers saw strategy as heavily influenced by the geographic setting of the actors. In <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_%28Herodotus%29" title="Histories (Herodotus)">History</a></i>, Herodotus describes a clash of civilizations between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythians</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>—all of which he believed were heavily influenced by the physical geographic setting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herodotus_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-Herodotus-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Heinrich_Dietrich_von_B%C3%BClow&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Adam Heinrich Dietrich von Bülow (page does not exist)">Adam Heinrich Dietrich von Bülow</a> proposed a geometrical science of strategy in the 1799 <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spirit_of_the_Modern_System_of_War&action=edit&redlink=1" title="The Spirit of the Modern System of War (page does not exist)">The Spirit of the Modern System of War</a>.</i> His system predicted that the larger states would swallow the smaller ones, resulting in eleven large states. Mackubin Thomas Owens notes the similarity between von Bülow's predictions and the map of Europe after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">of Italy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owens_17-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Golden_age">Golden age</span></h3>Between 1890 and 1919 the world became a geostrategist's paradise, leading to the formulation of the classical geopolitical theories. The international system featured rising and falling <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>, many with global reach. There were no new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontiers</a> for the great powers to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">explore</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonize</a>—the entire world was divided between the empires and colonial powers. From this point forward, international politics would feature the struggles of state against state.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owens_17-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Two strains of geopolitical thought gained prominence: an Anglo-American school, and a German school. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halford_J._Mackinder" title="Halford J. Mackinder">Halford J. Mackinder</a> outlined the American and British conceptions of geostrategy, respectively, in their works <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Problem_of_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="The Problem of Asia (page does not exist)">The Problem of Asia</a></i> and "<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">The Geographical Pivot of History</a></i>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kjell%C3%A9n" title="Rudolf Kjellén">Rudolf Kjellén</a> developed an <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_state_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Organic state theory (page does not exist)">organic state theory</a> which laid the foundation for Germany's unique school of geostrategy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owens_17-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="World_War_II">World War II</span></h3><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_A._Walsh_and_Gen._MacArthur,_Tokyo,_1948.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="273" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Edmund_A._Walsh_and_Gen._MacArthur%2C_Tokyo%2C_1948.jpg/220px-Edmund_A._Walsh_and_Gen._MacArthur%2C_Tokyo%2C_1948.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_A._Walsh_and_Gen._MacArthur,_Tokyo,_1948.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Fr. Edmund A. Walsh, SJ</div></div></div>The most prominent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> geopolitician was General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Karl Haushofer</a>. After <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied occupation of Germany</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> investigated many officials and public figures to determine if they should face charges of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haushofer" title="Haushofer">Haushofer</a>, an academic primarily, was interrogated by Father <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_A._Walsh" title="Edmund A. Walsh">Edmund A. Walsh</a>, a professor of geopolitics from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_A._Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" title="Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service">School of Foreign Service</a>, at the request of the U.S. authorities. Despite his involvement in crafting one of the justifications for Nazi aggression, Fr. Walsh determined that Haushofer ought not stand trial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-walsh_19-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-walsh-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cold_War">Cold War</span></h3>After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the term "geopolitics" fell into disrepute, because of its association with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">geopolitik</a></i>. Virtually no books published between the end of World War II and the mid-1970s used the word "geopolitics" or "geostrategy" in their titles, and geopoliticians did not label themselves or their works as such. German theories prompted a number of critical examinations of <i>geopolitik</i> by American geopoliticians such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9" title="Robert Strausz-Hupé">Robert Strausz-Hupé</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derwent_Whittlesey&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Derwent Whittlesey (page does not exist)">Derwent Whittlesey</a>, and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Gyorgy&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Andrew Gyorgy (page does not exist)">Andrew Gyorgy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owens_17-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
As the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> began, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.J._Spykman" title="N.J. Spykman">N.J. Spykman</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a> laid down the foundations for the U.S. policy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>, which would dominate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> geostrategic thought for the next forty years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owens_17-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Procofieff_de_Seversky" title="Alexander Procofieff de Seversky">Alexander de Seversky</a> would propose that airpower had fundamentally changed geostrategic considerations and thus proposed a "geopolitics of airpower." His ideas had some influence on the administration of President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, but the ideas of Spykman and Kennan would exercise greater weight.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owens_17-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Later during the Cold War, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Gray" title="Colin Gray">Colin Gray</a> would decisively reject the idea that airpower changed geostrategic considerations, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_B._Cohen" title="Saul B. Cohen">Saul B. Cohen</a> examined the idea of a "shatterbelt", which would eventually inform the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">domino theory</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owens_17-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Post-Cold_War">Post-Cold War</span></h3><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"></td><td class="mbox-text"><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, for most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> or former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries, Geopolitical strategies have generally followed the course of either solidifying security obligations or accesses to global resources; however, the strategies of other countries have not been as palpable.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_geostrategists">Notable geostrategists</span></h2>The below geostrategists were instrumental in founding and developing the major geostrategic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrines</a> in the discipline's history. While there have been many other geostrategists, these have been the most influential in shaping and developing the field as a whole.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Alfred_Thayer_Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</span></h3><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a></b> was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">American Navy</a> officer and president of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_War_College" title="U.S. Naval War College">U.S. Naval War College</a>. He is best known for his <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Influence_of_Sea_Power_upon_History" title="The Influence of Sea Power upon History">Influence of Sea Power upon History</a></i> series of books, which argued that naval supremacy was the deciding factor in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> warfare. In 1900, Mahan's book <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Problem_of_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="The Problem of Asia (page does not exist)">The Problem of Asia</a></i> was published. In this volume he laid out the first geostrategy of the modern era.<br />
The <i>Problem of Asia</i> divides the continent of Asia into 3 zones:<br />
<ul><li>A northern zone, located above the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40th parallel north</a>, characterized by its cold climate, and dominated by land power;</li>
<li>The "Debatable and Debated" zone, located between the 40th and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_parallel_north" title="30th parallel north">30th parallels</a>, characterized by a temperate climate; and,</li>
<li>A southern zone, located below the 30th parallel north, characterized by its hot climate, and dominated by sea power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahan_20-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mahan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>The Debated and Debatable zone, Mahan observed, contained two <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsulas</a> on either end (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_peninsula" title="Korean peninsula">Korea</a>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Isthmus of Suez</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, two countries marked by their mountain ranges (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" title="Persia">Persia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Valley" title="Yangtze Valley">Yangtze Valley</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahan_20-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mahan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Within this zone, Mahan asserted that there were no strong states capable of withstanding outside influence or capable even of maintaining stability within their own borders. So whereas the political situations to the north and south were relatively stable and determined, the middle remained "debatable and debated ground."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahan_20-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mahan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
North of the 40th parallel, the vast expanse of Asia was dominated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Russia possessed a central position on the continent, and a wedge-shaped projection into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, bounded by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_mountains" title="Caucasus mountains">Caucasus mountains</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> on one side and the mountains of Afghanistan and Western China on the other side. To prevent Russian expansionism and achievement of predominance on the Asian continent, Mahan believed pressure on Asia's flanks could be the only viable strategy pursued by sea powers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahan_20-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mahan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
South of the 30th parallel lay areas dominated by the sea powers—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. To Mahan, the possession of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> by Britain was of key strategic importance, as India was best suited for exerting balancing pressure against Russia in Central Asia. Britain's predominance in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> was also considered important.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahan_20-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mahan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The strategy of sea powers, according to Mahan, ought to be to deny Russia the benefits of commerce that come from sea commerce. He noted that both the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_straits" title="Danish straits">Baltic straits</a> could be closed by a hostile power, thereby denying Russia access to the sea. Further, this disadvantageous position would reinforce Russia's proclivity toward expansionism in order to obtain wealth or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_water_port" title="Warm water port">warm water ports</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahan_20-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mahan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Natural geographic targets for Russian expansionism in search of access to the sea would therefore be the Chinese seaboard, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, and Asia Minor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahan_20-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mahan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In this contest between land power and sea power, Russia would find itself allied with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (a natural sea power, but in this case necessarily acting as a land power), arrayed against Germany, Britain, Japan, and the United States as sea powers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahan_20-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mahan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Further, Mahan conceived of a unified, modern state composed of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, Syria, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, possessing an efficiently organized army and navy to stand as a counterweight to Russian expansion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahan_20-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mahan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Further dividing the map by geographic features, Mahan stated that the two most influential lines of division would be the Suez and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_canal" title="Panama canal">Panama canals</a>. As most developed nations and resources lay above the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-South_divide" title="North-South divide">North-South division</a>, politics and commerce north of the two canals would be of much greater importance than those occurring south of the canals. As such, the great progress of historical development would not flow from north to south, but from east to west, in this case leading toward Asia as the locus of advance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mahan_20-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mahan-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 602px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahan_Problem_of_Asia_1900.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="156" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Mahan_Problem_of_Asia_1900.png/600px-Mahan_Problem_of_Asia_1900.png" width="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahan_Problem_of_Asia_1900.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>This map depicts the world as divided by geostrategist Alfred Thayer Mahan in his 1900 piece <i>The Problem of Asia</i>. Asia is divided along the 30 north and 40 north parallels, represented here by green lines. In between the 30th and 40th parallel is what Mahan termed the "Debatable and debated ground," subject to competition between the land powers and sea powers. <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #ff3333; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> The two allied land powers, the Russian Empire and France</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #ff6666; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> The portions of Asia above the 40th parallel under effective influence of Russian land power</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #3399ff; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> The four allied sea powers, Great Britain, the German Empire, Japan, and the United States</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #99ccff; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> The portions of Asia below the 30th parallel subject to effective control by sea power</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #4cff79; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0pt; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Key waterways identified by Mahan: the Suez Canal, Panama Canal, Dardanelles, Straits of Gibraltar, and Baltic Straits.</div></div></div></div></div><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Halford_J._Mackinder">Halford J. Mackinder</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halford_Mackinder.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="227" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Halford_Mackinder.jpg/220px-Halford_Mackinder.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halford_Mackinder.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Halford J. Mackinder</div></div></div><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halford_J._Mackinder" title="Halford J. Mackinder">Halford J. Mackinder</a></b> His major work, Democratic ideals and reality: a study in the politics of reconstruction, appeared in 1919.[12] It presented his theory of the Heartland and made a case for fully taking into account geopolitical factors at the Paris Peace conference and contrasted (geographical) reality with Woodrow Wilson's idealism. The book's most famous quote was: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island; Who rules the World Island commands the World." This message was composed to convince the world statesmen at the Paris Peace conference of the crucial importance of Eastern Europe as the strategic route to the Heartland was interpreted as requiring a strip of buffer state to separate Germany and Russia. These were created by the peace negotiators but proved to be ineffective bulwarks in 1939 (although this may be seen as a failure of other, later statesmen during the interbellum). The principal concern of his work was to warn of the possibility of another major war (a warning also given by economist John Maynard Keynes).<br />
Mackinder was anti-Bolshevik, and as British High Commissioner in Southern Russia in late 1919 and early 1920, he stressed the need for Britain to continue her support to the White Russian forces, which he attempted to unite.[13] [edit] Significance of Mackinder<br />
Mackinder's work paved the way for the establishment of geography as a distinct discipline in the United Kingdom. His role in fostering the teaching of geography is probably greater than that of any other single British geographer.<br />
Whilst Oxford did not appoint a professor of Geography until 1934, both the University of Liverpool and University of Wales, Aberystwyth established professorial chairs in Geography in 1917. Mackinder himself became a full professor in Geography in the University of London (London School of Economics) in 1923.<br />
Mackinder is often credited with introducing two new terms into the English language : "manpower", "heartland". [edit] Influence on Nazi strategy<br />
The Heartland Theory was enthusiastically taken up by the German school of Geopolitik, in particular by its main proponent Karl Haushofer. Whilst Geopolitik was later embraced by the German Nazi regime in the 1930s, Mackinder was always extremely critical of the German exploitation of his ideas. The German interpretation of the Heartland Theory is referred to explicitly (without mentioning the connection to Mackinder) in The Nazis Strike, the second of Frank Capra's Why We Fight series of American World War II propaganda films. [edit] Influence on American strategy<br />
The Heartland theory and more generally classical geopolitics and geostrategy were extremely influential in the making of US strategic policy during the period of the Cold War.[14] [edit] Influence on later academics<br />
Evidence of Mackinder’s Heartland Theory can be found in the works of geopolitician Dimitri Kitsikis, particularly in his geopolitical model "Intermediate Region".<br />
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<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg"><img alt="Wiki letter w cropped.svg" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" width="20" /></a></td> <td class="mbox-text">This section requires <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geostrategy&action=edit" rel="nofollow">expansion</a>.</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Friedrich_Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</span></h3><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Ratzel.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="222" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Friedrich_Ratzel.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Ratzel.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Ratzel.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Friedrich Ratzel</div></div></div>Influenced by the works of Alfred Thayer Mahan, as well as the German geographers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ritter" title="Karl Ritter">Karl Ritter</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</a></b> would lay the foundations for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">geopolitik</a></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s unique strain of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a>.<br />
Ratzel wrote on the natural division between <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_power&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Land power (page does not exist)">land powers</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_power" title="Sea power">sea powers</a>, agreeing with Mahan that sea power was self-sustaining, as the profit from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">trade</a> would support the development of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_marine" title="Merchant marine">merchant marine</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> However, his key contribution were the development of the concepts of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">raum</a></i> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_state_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Organic state theory (page does not exist)">organic state theory</a>. He theorized that states were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_%28model%29" title="Organic (model)">organic</a> and growing, and that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a> were only temporary, representing pauses in their natural movement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Raum</i> was the land, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritually</a> connected to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> (in this case, the German peoples), from which the people could draw sustenance, find adjacent inferior nations which would support them,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> and which would be fertilized by their <i>kultur</i> (culture).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mattern_22-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mattern-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Ratzel's ideas would influence the works of his student Rudolf Kjellén, as well as those of General Karl Haushofer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rudolf_Kjell.C3.A9n">Rudolf Kjellén</span></h3><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kjell%C3%A9n" title="Rudolf Kjellén">Rudolf Kjellén</a></b> was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> political scientist and student of Friedrich Ratzel. He first coined the term "geopolitics."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mattern_22-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mattern-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> His writings would play a decisive role in influencing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Karl_Haushofer" title="General Karl Haushofer">General Karl Haushofer</a>'s <i>geopolitik</i>, and indirectly the future <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> foreign policy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mattern_22-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mattern-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
His writings focused on five central concepts that would underlie German <i>geopolitik</i>:<br />
<ol><li><i>Reich</i> was a territorial concept that was composed of <i>Raum</i> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i>), and strategic military shape;</li>
<li><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i> was a racial conception of the state;</li>
<li><i>Haushalt</i> was a call for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> based on land, formulated in reaction to the vicissitudes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international markets</a>;</li>
<li><i>Gesellschaft</i> was the social aspect of a nation’s organization and cultural appeal, Kjellén <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphize" title="Anthropomorphize">anthropomorphizing</a> inter-state relations more than Ratzel had; and,</li>
<li><i>Regierung</i> was the form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army" title="Army">army</a> would contribute to the people’s pacification and coordination.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mattern_22-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mattern-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ol><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="General_Karl_Haushofer">General Karl Haushofer</span></h3><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Karl Haushofer</a>'</b>s geopolitik expanded upon that of Ratzel and Kjellén. While the latter two conceived of geopolitik as the state-as-an-organism-in-space put to the service of a leader, Haushofer's Munich school specifically studied geography as it related to war and designs for empire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> The behavioral rules of previous geopoliticians were thus turned into dynamic <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_%28sociology%29" title="Norm (sociology)">normative</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrines</a> for action on lebensraum and world power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Haushofer defined geopolitik in 1935 as "the duty to safeguard the right to the soil, to the land in the widest sense, not only the land within the frontiers of the Reich, but the right to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">more extensive Volk</a> and cultural lands."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-walsh_19-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-walsh-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Culture itself was seen as the most conducive element to dynamic expansion. Culture provided a guide as to the best areas for expansion, and could make expansion safe, whereas solely military or commercial power could not.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
To Haushofer, the existence of a state depended on living space, the pursuit of which must serve as the basis for all policies. Germany had a high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a>, whereas the old colonial powers had a much lower density: a virtual mandate for German expansion into resource-rich areas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> A buffer zone of territories or insignificant states on one's borders would serve to protect Germany.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Closely linked to this need was Haushofer's assertion that the existence of small states was evidence of political regression and disorder in the international system. The small states surrounding Germany ought to be brought into the vital German order.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> These states were seen as being too small to maintain practical autonomy (even if they maintained large colonial possessions) and would be better served by protection and organization within Germany. In Europe, he saw <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the "mutilated alliance" of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungary" title="Austro-Hungary">Austro-Hungary</a> as supporting his assertion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Haushofer and the Munich school of geopolitik would eventually expand their conception of lebensraum and autarky well past a restoration of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German borders of 1914</a> and "a place in the sun." They set as goals a New European Order, then a New Afro-European Order, and eventually to a Eurasian Order.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mattern_22-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mattern-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> This concept became known as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-region" title="Pan-region">pan-region</a>, taken from the American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, and the idea of national and continental self-sufficiency.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mattern_22-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mattern-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> This was a forward-looking refashioning of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">drive for colonies</a>, something that geopoliticians did not see as an economic necessity, but more as a matter of prestige, and of putting pressure on older colonial powers. The fundamental motivating force was not be economic, but cultural and spiritual.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Beyond being an economic concept, pan-regions were a strategic concept as well. Haushofer acknowledged the strategic concept of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland" title="Heartland">Heartland</a> put forward by the Halford Mackinder.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dorpalen_21-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-dorpalen-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> If Germany could control <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and subsequently <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">Russian territory</a>, it could control a strategic area to which hostile <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_power" title="Sea power">sea power</a> could be denied.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mackinder_23-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-mackinder-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Allying with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> would further augment German strategic control of Eurasia, with those states becoming the naval arms protecting Germany's insular position.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-walsh_19-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-walsh-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nicholas_J._Spykman">Nicholas J. Spykman</span></h3><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_J._Spykman" title="Nicholas J. Spykman">Nicholas J. Spykman</a></b> was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a>-American geostrategist, known as the "godfather of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>." His geostrategic work, <i>The Geography of the Peace</i> (1944), argued that the balance of power in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> directly affected United States security.<br />
N.J. Spykman based his geostrategic ideas on those of Sir Halford Mackinder's Heartland theory. Spykman's key contribution was to alter the strategic valuation of the Heartland vs. the "Rimland" (a geographic area analogous to Mackinder's "Inner or Marginal Crescent").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spykman_24-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-spykman-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> Spykman does not see the heartland as a region which will be unified by powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> infrastructure in the near future. As such, it won't be in a position to compete with the United States' <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_power" title="Sea power">sea power</a>, despite its uniquely defensive position.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spykman_24-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-spykman-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> The rimland possessed all of the key resources and populations—its domination was key to the control of Eurasia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spykman_24-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-spykman-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> His strategy was for Offshore powers, and perhaps Russia as well, to resist the consolidation of control over the rimland by any one power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spykman_24-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-spykman-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> Balanced power would lead to peace.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="George_F._Kennan">George F. Kennan</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kennan.jpeg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="282" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kennan.jpeg/220px-Kennan.jpeg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kennan.jpeg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>George F. Kennan</div></div></div><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a></b>, U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, laid out the seminal Cold War geostrategy in his <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Telegram" title="Long Telegram">Long Telegram</a></i> and <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sources_of_Soviet_Conduct" title="The Sources of Soviet Conduct">The Sources of Soviet Conduct</a></i>. He coined the term "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kennan-x_25-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-kennan-x-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> which would become the guiding idea for U.S. grand strategy over the next forty years, although the term would come to mean something significantly different from Kennan's original formulation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kennan-m_26-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-kennan-m-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Kennan advocated what was called "strongpoint containment." In his view, the United States and its allies needed to protect the productive industrial areas of the world from Soviet domination. He noted that of the five centers of industrial strength in the world—the United States, Britain, Japan, Germany, and Russia—the only contested area was that of Germany. Kennan was concerned about maintaining the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> between the U.S. and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR" title="USSR">USSR</a>, and in his view, only these few industrialized areas mattered.<br />
Here Kennan differed from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Paul Nitze</a>, whose seminal Cold War document, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSC-68" title="NSC-68">NSC-68</a>, called for "undifferentiated or global containment," along with a massive military buildup.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LaFeber_27-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-LaFeber-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Kennan saw the Soviet Union as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> and political challenger rather than a true military threat. There was no reason to fight the Soviets throughout <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, because those regions were not productive, and the Soviet Union was already exhausted from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, limiting its ability to project power abroad. Therefore, Kennan disapproved of U.S. involvement in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a>, and later spoke out critically against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>'s military buildup.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Henry_Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</span></h3><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Kissinger.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="334" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Henry_Kissinger.jpg/220px-Henry_Kissinger.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Kissinger.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Henry Kissinger</div></div></div><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></b> implemented two geostrategic objectives when in office: the deliberate move to shift the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_in_international_relations" title="Polarity in international relations">polarity</a> of the international system from bipolar to tripolar; and, the designation of regional stabilizing states in connection with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a>. In Chapter 28 of his long work, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_%28Kissinger%29" title="Diplomacy (Kissinger)">Diplomacy</a></i>, Kissinger discusses the "<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opening_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Opening of China (page does not exist)">opening of China</a>" as a deliberate strategy to change the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> in the international system, taking advantage of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">split within the Sino-Soviet bloc</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kissdip_28-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-kissdip-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> The regional stabilizers were pro-American states which would receive significant U.S. aid in exchange for assuming responsibility for regional stability. Among the regional stabilizers designated by Kissinger were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ampros_29-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-ampros-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg"><br />
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</tbody></table><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Zbigniew_Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</span></h3><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a></b> laid out his most significant contribution to post-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> geostrategy in his 1997 book <i>The Grand Chessboard</i>. He defined four regions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, and in which ways the United States ought to design its policy toward each region in order to maintain its global primacy. The four regions (echoing Mackinder and Spykman) are:<br />
<ul><li>Europe, the Democratic Bridgehead</li>
<li>Russia, the Black Hole</li>
<li>The Middle East, the Eurasian Balkans</li>
<li>Asia, the Far Eastern Anchor</li>
</ul>In his subsequent book, <i>The Choice</i>, Brzezinski updates his geostrategy in light of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">9/11</a> and the intervening six years between the two books.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Criticisms_of_geostrategy">Criticisms of geostrategy</span></h2><dl><dd>"Few modern ideologies are as whimsically all-encompassing, as romantically obscure, as intellectually sloppy, and as likely to start a third world war as the theory of 'geopolitics.'"
<dl><dd>—Charles Clover, "Dreams of the Eurasian Heartland"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-clover_30-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-clover-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>Geostrategy encounters a wide variety of criticisms. It has been called a crude form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_determinism" title="Geographic determinism">geographic determinism</a>. It is seen as a gloss used to justify international aggression and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>—it is linked to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> war plans, and to a perceived U.S. creation of Cold War divisions through its containment strategy. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxists</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_international_relations_theory" title="Critical international relations theory">critical theorists</a> believe geostrategy is simply a justification for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owens_17-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Some political scientists argue that as the importance of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">non-state actors</a> rises, the importance of geopolitics concomitantly falls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owens_17-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Similarly, those who see the rise of economic issues in priority over security issues argue that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoeconomics" title="Geoeconomics">geoeconomics</a> is more relevant to the modern era than geostrategy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-demko_31-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-demko-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">international relations theory</a> that is critical of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_in_international_relations" title="Realism in international relations">realism in international relations</a> is likewise critical of geostrategy because of the assumptions it makes about the hierarchy of the international system based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_in_international_relations" title="Power in international relations">power</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owens_17-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Further, the relevance of geography to international politics is questioned because advances in technology alter the importance of geographical features, and in some cases make those features irrelevant. Thus some geographic factors do not have the permanent importance that some geostrategists ascribe to them.<br />
<br />
<b>Astropolitics</b> also known as Astropolitik has its foundations in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> and is a theory that is used for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a> in its broadest sense.<br />
Astropolitics encompasses Astropolitik, Astrostrategy and Astrographics.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy#cite_note-owens-17"><span></span></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-21644049307576383462011-08-28T08:49:00.001-07:002011-08-28T09:07:42.277-07:00INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 1<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">The resolution of the conflict between China and the U.S. is over much more than the U.S. airpeople and airplane in Chinese possession and the question of a U.S. apology. What is at stake is sovereignty versus hegemony, ideology versus trade, and the old Cold War versus the new Cold War. In the United States, elites are in conflict on how to relate to China; the same is true in China with relation to its policies to the U.S.</span><br />
<div align="JUSTIFY"> <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> The first and foremost issue is the question of sovereignty. China claims 200 nautical miles off its coast as off-limits to spy planes, a practice the U.S. upholds with regard to its coastline. Washington however, claims China has only a 12-mile claim. The U.S. thus admits its spy plane was flying within Chinese claimed airspace—within its 200 mile limits and doing so on a routine basis. It is, of course, unimaginable for the U.S. to tolerate Chinese spy planes 13 miles off the New York, Los Angeles, or Washington coastline. Why does Washington intrude in China's 200-mile limits? It is not for technical reasons—the electronic equipment used for espionage functions equally well from 13 as well as 200 miles. There are two reasons. One is to test China's military readiness, its air force capability, and its level of organization to intercept a potential air attack. The second is to challenge China's hegemony in the South China Sea. Washington's world hegemony is unwilling to recognize China's claims of regional hegemony. Throughout the world, particularly in Europe and Latin America, the U.S. has "colonized" air space, military bases, and naval ports. For example, U.S. airplanes routinely intrude in airspace throughout Latin America via military installations established in those countries. The U.S. spy planes are probing the degree to which it can "colonize" Chinese airspace. The Chinese government and especially its people are not willing to submit to U.S. hegemonic pretension: they do not consider themselves as docile clients.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"> <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> China's demand for a formal apology thus has a deeper meaning. It signifies that the U.S. treat China as an equal, in the concrete sense that, like the U.S., its 200 mile airspace is inviolate and that China can exercise influence in its proximate region (the South China Sea). Washington's refusal to apologize was a tacit rejection of China's claims, and a reaffirmation of its hegemonic position in the China Sea. Like the "accidental" bombing of the Chinese Embassy, the U.S. was sending a signal to China that U.S. hegemony everywhere is not negotiable.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> Within the Bush administration there is a conflict between the ideologues and the traders. The ideologues (led by Cheney and Rumsfeld), backed by the military industrial complex, want a new Cold War. They seek to confront China militarily and ignite a profitable arms race. The traders (led by Colin Powell) are basically those economic elites who have invested over $100 billion and who are involved in the $120 billion trade with China. They believe that the U.S. can "conquer" China via the market and diplomacy over a period of time. The conflict between these two sectors of the Bush administration explains the policy of "threats" and "negotiations." The big problem is that the traders are not willing to accept China's definition of its sovereignty. Instead they offer symbolic/diplomatic concessions, expressing "regret" over the incident, without resolving or even recognizing the underlying substantive claims of Chinese sovereignty over its airspace.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> In China, the conflict is between liberals versus nationalist. The liberals (led by the president and foreign minister) have been willing to sacrifice issues of sovereignty in order to deepen the privatization of the Chinese economy, secure foreign investments, and increase trade. The nationalists (mainly the Armed Forces and a minority in the regime) defend sovereignty over liberalization. After the bombing of the Embassy, the liberals were forced to postpone World Trade Organization negotiations; the nationalists are a powerful pressure, pushing for the unification of Taiwan, and they are questioning the further liberalization of the economy in light of growing foreign control.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"> <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> The spy plane's violation of Chinese air space aided the nationalists as it highlighted the growing encroachment and blatant violations of Chinese sovereignty. In this conflict, the nationalists have the overwhelming support of the Chinese people. Nevertheless, it is likely that the liberals accepted a "symbolic" solution, which ignores the underlying problem of Chinese sovereignty. In these circumstances, the Chinese elite tied to U.S. multi-nationals, cannot openly embrace the Bush solution, without exposing themselves to the wrath of the pro-nationalist majority. The agreement between the U.S. "traders" and the Chinese "liberals" was reached secretly and the full details are still unknown.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"> <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> A major problem in the secret negotiations now is that the ideologues in the U.S. are still operating with the old Cold War mentality: they act as if China is still a communist country instead of a foreign investors' paradise. They operate with a military confrontational definition of reality, at a time when the U.S.'s imperial allies in Europe and Asia have a market definition of reality, based on conquest via trade and investment. The ideologues operate with a 1950s image of the world in which Washington could unilaterally impose its policies. The influence of the ideologues is evident in the unilateral rejection of the Kyoto Agreement with Europe on the control of green house gases, the Anti-Missile Defense Agreement with Russia, the peace negotiations with North Korea, and now the Chinese claim of influence in the South China Sea. The only problem with the ideologues' return to the past is that the world has changed dramatically in the past half-century.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> Europe is no longer beholden to U.S. foreign aid—they are economic competitors with strong social movements, such as the Greens and trade unions, which support Kyoto. Industrial groups in Europe want to deepen their economic ties with China, Korea, and Cuba. Political elites and peace groups reject U.S. missile escalation. Even more significantly, the biggest U.S. multi-nationals increasingly depend on profits from overseas investments. Fifty years ago, less than 10 percent of their profits and sales came from outside the U.S. Today, for the biggest firms, from 25 percent to 50 percent of their earnings come from overseas investment and trade. The ideo- logues attempt to build "fortress America" via unilateral military and economic policy, have isolated the U.S. internationally and divided it internally.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"> <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> Moreover, with the decline of the stock markets, the economy in recession, unemployment and job insecurity rising and the trade deficit growing, the U.S. public is more concerned with domestic economic policies not overseas military adventures. While the ideologues were trying to whip up chauvinist fervor over the issues of the "captive" spy plane airpeople, the response thus far has been muted.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"> <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> The ascendancy of the ideo- logues' worldview in the Bush regime would lead to a dangerous situation world-wide. Trade and investment patterns would be disrupted. An arms race would be ignited and resources would be reallocated toward military spending. The Europeans would be forced to take sides, to choose between trade or a costly new Cold War with no commensurate benefits. There would be some positive side effects; war spending and economic recession might re-ignite political and social opposition in the U.S. and Europe. The free market ideology would crumble before the new statism driven by military imperatives.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"> <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> The ideologues' new Cold War, however, is not sustainable: it would deepen the recession in the U.S. by cutting off vital overseas markets and trade and heighten internal political and social conflicts. As Clausewitz once said, it is impossible to wage war on two fronts and win.</span></div><div align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"> In the end, the "traders" in the Bush administration won out against the ideologues and reached an agreement with the Chinese liberals. The billion dollar economic interests of the U.S. multi- nationals were far more important than the arguments of the ideologues. Likewise in China, the liberals, decided that foreign investment and entrance into the World Trade Organization was more important than sovereignty over airspace. Nevertheless, the underlying issues and adversaries remain and new conflicts will likely re-emerge. </span></div><br />
<center><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.rebelion.org/hemeroteca/petras/english/chinaus170102.htm#"><img border="0" src="http://www.rebelion.org/hemeroteca/graficos/arriba.jpg" /></a></span></center>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-38511609967426146032011-08-28T08:47:00.000-07:002011-08-28T08:47:19.875-07:00MISSILLE 3<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="A">A</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">A4</a> (reporting name "V-2 rocket")</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-1_Alkali" title="AA-1 Alkali">AA-1 Alkali</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_K-5" title="Kaliningrad K-5">Kaliningrad K-5</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-2_Atoll" title="AA-2 Atoll">AA-2 Atoll</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_K-13" title="Vympel K-13">Vympel K-13</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-3_Anab" title="AA-3 Anab">AA-3 Anab</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_K-8" title="Kaliningrad K-8">Kaliningrad K-8</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-4_Awl" title="AA-4 Awl">AA-4 Awl</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raduga_K-9" title="Raduga K-9">Raduga K-9</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-5_Ash" title="AA-5 Ash">AA-5 Ash</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnovat_R-4" title="Bisnovat R-4">Raduga K-80</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-6_Acrid" title="AA-6 Acrid">AA-6 Acrid</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnovat_R-40" title="Bisnovat R-40">Kaliningrad K-40</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-7_Apex" title="AA-7 Apex">AA-7 Apex</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-23" title="Vympel R-23">Kaliningrad K-23</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-8_Aphid" title="AA-8 Aphid">AA-8 Aphid</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_R-60" title="Molniya R-60">Kaliningrad K-60</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-9_Amos" title="AA-9 Amos">AA-9 Amos</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-33" title="Vympel R-33">Vympel R-33</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-10_Alamo" title="AA-10 Alamo">AA-10 Alamo</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-27" title="Vympel R-27">Vympel R-27</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-11_Archer" title="AA-11 Archer">AA-11 Archer</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-73" title="Vympel R-73">Vympel R-73</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA-12_Adder" title="AA-12 Adder">AA-12 Adder</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-77" title="Vympel R-77">Vympel R-77</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-37" title="Vympel R-37">AA-13 Arrow</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-37" title="Vympel R-37">Vympel R-37</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_AAM-3" title="Mitsubishi AAM-3">AAM-3</a> (Japanese Type 90 air-to-air missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_AAM-4" title="Mitsubishi AAM-4">AAM-4</a> (Japanese Type 99 air-to-air missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_AAM-5" title="Mitsubishi AAM-5">AAM-5</a> (Japanese Type 04 air-to-air missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdali-I" title="Abdali-I">Abdali-I</a> (Pakistani surface-to-surface <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile" title="Short-range ballistic missile">Short-range ballistic missile</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh" title="ABM-1 Galosh">ABM-1 Galosh</a> (NATO reporting name for the Russian/<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR" title="USSR">USSR</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_NPO" title="Vympel NPO">Vympel</a> A-350 surface-to-air <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile">Anti-Ballistic Missile</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53T6" title="53T6">ABM-3 Gazelle</a> (NATO reporting name for the Russian/<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR" title="USSR">USSR</a> A-135 surface-to-air <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile">Anti-Ballistic Missile</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail_%28missile%29" title="Quail (missile)">ADM-20 Quail</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADM-141_TALD" title="ADM-141 TALD">ADM-141 TALD</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADM-144" title="ADM-144">ADM-144</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADM-160_MALD" title="ADM-160 MALD">ADM-160 MALD</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-12_Bullpup" title="AGM-12 Bullpup">AGM-12 Bullpup</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-22" title="AGM-22">AGM-22</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hound_Dog_%28missile%29" title="Hound Dog (missile)">AGM-28 Hound Dog</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-45_Shrike" title="AGM-45 Shrike">AGM-45 Shrike</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-48_Skybolt" title="AGM-48 Skybolt">AGM-48 Skybolt</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-53_Condor" title="AGM-53 Condor">AGM-53 Condor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-62_Walleye" title="AGM-62 Walleye">AGM-62 Walleye</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-63" title="AGM-63">AGM-63</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-64_Hornet" title="AGM-64 Hornet">AGM-64 Hornet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">AGM-65 Maverick</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-69_SRAM" title="AGM-69 SRAM">AGM-69 SRAM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-76_Falcon" title="AGM-76 Falcon">AGM-76 Falcon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-78_Standard_ARM" title="AGM-78 Standard ARM">AGM-78 Standard ARM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-79_Blue_Eye" title="AGM-79 Blue Eye">AGM-79 Blue Eye</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-80_Viper" title="AGM-80 Viper">AGM-80 Viper</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-83_Bulldog" title="AGM-83 Bulldog">AGM-83 Bulldog</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-84_Harpoon" title="AGM-84 Harpoon">AGM-84 Harpoon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-86_ALCM" title="AGM-86 ALCM">AGM-86 ALCM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-87_Focus" title="AGM-87 Focus">AGM-87 Focus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-88_HARM" title="AGM-88 HARM">AGM-88 HARM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBU-15" title="GBU-15">AGM-112</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire" title="AGM-114 Hellfire">AGM-114 Hellfire</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_missile" title="Penguin missile">AGM-119 Penguin</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsberg_Defence_%26_Aerospace" title="Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace">Norwegian</a>-made; only non-US-made missile in US arsenal)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-122_Sidearm" title="AGM-122 Sidearm">AGM-122 Sidearm</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-123_Skipper" title="AGM-123 Skipper">AGM-123 Skipper</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-124_Wasp" title="AGM-124 Wasp">AGM-124 Wasp</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-129_ACM" title="AGM-129 ACM">AGM-129 ACM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-130" title="AGM-130">AGM-130</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-131_SRAM_II" title="AGM-131 SRAM II">AGM-131 SRAM II</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-136_Tacit_Rainbow" title="AGM-136 Tacit Rainbow">AGM-136 Tacit Rainbow</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-137_TSSAM" title="AGM-137 TSSAM">AGM-137 TSSAM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-142_Have_Nap" title="AGM-142 Have Nap">AGM-142 Have Nap</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-153" title="AGM-153">AGM-153</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-154_JSOW" title="AGM-154 JSOW">AGM-154 JSOW</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-158_JASSM" title="AGM-158 JASSM">AGM-158 JASSM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-159_JASSM" title="AGM-159 JASSM">AGM-159 JASSM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-169_Joint_Common_Missile" title="AGM-169 Joint Common Missile">AGM-169 Joint Common Missile</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_I" title="Agni I">Agni I</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_II" title="Agni II">Agni II</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_III" title="Agni III">Agni III</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon" title="AIM-4 Falcon">AIM-4 Falcon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-7_Sparrow" title="AIM-7 Sparrow">AIM-7 Sparrow</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-26_Falcon" title="AIM-26 Falcon">AIM-26 Falcon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-47_Falcon" title="AIM-47 Falcon">AIM-47 Falcon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-54_Phoenix" title="AIM-54 Phoenix">AIM-54 Phoenix</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-68_Big_Q" title="AIM-68 Big Q">AIM-68 Big Q</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-82" title="AIM-82">AIM-82</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-97_Seekbat" title="AIM-97 Seekbat">AIM-97 Seekbat</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-95_Agile" title="AIM-95 Agile">AIM-95 Agile</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-120_AMRAAM" title="AIM-120 AMRAAM">AIM-120 AMRAAM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-132_ASRAAM" title="AIM-132 ASRAAM">AIM-132 ASRAAM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-152_AAAM" title="AIM-152 AAAM">AIM-152 AAAM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR-2_Genie" title="AIR-2 Genie">AIR-2 Genie</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akash_missile" title="Akash missile">Akash</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#Missile_systems" title="Argentina and weapons of mass destruction"><i>Alacrán</i> missile</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for "Scorpion")</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALARM" title="ALARM">ALARM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hussein_%28missile%29" title="Al Hussein (missile)">Al-Hussein</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Samoud_2" title="Al-Samoud 2">Al-Samoud 2</a></li>
<li>Apache (popular name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_Apache" title="MBDA Apache">MBDA Apache</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQM-35" title="AQM-35">AQM-35</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQM-37_Jayhawk" title="AQM-37 Jayhawk">AQM-37 Jayhawk</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQM-38" title="AQM-38">AQM-38</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQM-41_Petrel" title="AQM-41 Petrel">AQM-41 Petrel</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQM-60_Kingfisher" title="AQM-60 Kingfisher">AQM-60 Kingfisher</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AQM-81_Firebolt&action=edit&redlink=1" title="AQM-81 Firebolt (page does not exist)">AQM-81 Firebolt</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQM-91_Firefly" title="AQM-91 Firefly">AQM-91 Firefly</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AQM-103&action=edit&redlink=1" title="AQM-103 (page does not exist)">AQM-103</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQM-127_SLAT" title="AQM-127 SLAT">AQM-127 SLAT</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AQM-128&action=edit&redlink=1" title="AQM-128 (page does not exist)">AQM-128</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_%28missile%29" title="Arrow (missile)">Arrow (missile)</a> (Anti-ballistic)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-25K" title="AS-25K">AS-25K</a> (anti-ship)</li>
<li>AS.30 (designation for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-30L" title="AS-30L">MBDA AS-30</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS.34_Kormoran" title="AS.34 Kormoran">AS.34 Kormoran</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_80_Air-to-Ship_Missile" title="Type 80 Air-to-Ship Missile">ASM-1</a> (Japanese Type 80 air-to-ship missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_93_Air-to-Ship_Missile" title="Type 93 Air-to-Ship Missile">ASM-2</a> (Japanese Type 93 air-to-ship missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">ASM-135 ASAT</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-Sol_Moyenne_Port%C3%A9e" title="Air-Sol Moyenne Portée">ASMP</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASRAAM" title="ASRAAM">ASRAAM</a> (project name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-132_ASRAAM" title="AIM-132 ASRAAM">AIM-132 ASRAAM</a>)</li>
<li>Aster (popular name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_Aster" title="MBDA Aster">MBDA Aster</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_missile" title="Astra missile">Astra Missile</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_64_MAT" title="Type 64 MAT">ATM-1</a> (Japanese Type 64 Anti-Tank Missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_79_Jyu-MAT" title="Type 79 Jyu-MAT">ATM-2</a> (Japanese Type 79 Anti-Landing craft and Anti-Tank Missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_87_Chu-MAT" title="Type 87 Chu-MAT">ATM-3</a> (Japanese Type 87 Anti-Tank Missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_96_Multi-Purpose_Missile_System" title="Type 96 Multi-Purpose Missile System">ATM-4</a> (Japanese Type 96 Multi-Purpose Missile System)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_01_LMAT" title="Type 01 LMAT">ATM-5</a> (Japanese Type 01 Light Anti-Tank Missile)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="B">B</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur_missile" title="Babur missile">Babur</a> (Pakistani Cruise Missile)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_SAM" title="Barak SAM">Barak</a> naval point defense surface-to-air missile (Israel)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-34_Firebee" title="BGM-34 Firebee">BGM-34 Firebee</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71 TOW</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-75_AICBM" title="BGM-75 AICBM">BGM-75 AICBM</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_missile" title="Tomahawk missile">BGM-109 Tomahawk</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BGM-110&action=edit&redlink=1" title="BGM-110 (page does not exist)">BGM-110</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktar-Shikan" title="Baktar-Shikan">Baktar-Shikan</a> (Pakistani Anti-tank Guided Missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a> (United Kingdom)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Bloodhound" title="Bristol Bloodhound">Bloodhound</a> UK Surface-to-air</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowpipe_missile" title="Blowpipe missile">Blowpipe</a> UK Man portable Surface-to-air</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Steel_missile" title="Blue Steel missile">Blue Steel</a> nuclear stand off missile (United Kingdom)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Streak_missile" title="Blue Streak missile">Blue Streak</a> (United Kingdom)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQM-74_Chukar" title="BQM-74 Chukar">BQM-74 Chukar</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQM-90" title="BQM-90">BQM-90</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BQM-106_Teleplane&action=edit&redlink=1" title="BQM-106 Teleplane (page does not exist)">BQM-106 Teleplane</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQM-108" title="BQM-108">BQM-108</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BQM-111_Firebrand&action=edit&redlink=1" title="BQM-111 Firebrand (page does not exist)">BQM-111 Firebrand</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BQM-126&action=edit&redlink=1" title="BQM-126 (page does not exist)">BQM-126</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQM-145_Peregrine" title="BQM-145 Peregrine">BQM-145 Peregrine</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BQM-147_Ex-drone&action=edit&redlink=1" title="BQM-147 Ex-drone (page does not exist)">BQM-147 Ex-drone</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQM-155_Hunter" title="BQM-155 Hunter">BQM-155 Hunter</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BQM-167_Skeeter&action=edit&redlink=1" title="BQM-167 Skeeter (page does not exist)">BQM-167 Skeeter</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brakemine&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Brakemine (page does not exist)">Brakemine</a> UK WWII project</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brimstone_missile" title="Brimstone missile">Brimstone</a> (United Kingdom)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="C">C</span></h3><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-602" title="C-602">C-602</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-701" title="C-701">C-701</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-802" title="C-802">C-802</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_94" title="CA 94">CA 94</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CA_95_missile&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CA 95 missile (page does not exist)">CA 95</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CEM-138_Pave_Cricket&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CEM-138 Pave Cricket (page does not exist)">CEM-138 Pave Cricket</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_%28missile%29" title="Atlas (missile)">CGM-16/HGM-16 Atlas</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomarc" title="Bomarc">CIM-10 Bomarc</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roketsan_Cirit" title="Roketsan Cirit">Roketsan Cirit</a>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_missile" title="Condor missile">Condor missile</a> (Argentina)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CQM-121_Pave_Tiger&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CQM-121 Pave Tiger (page does not exist)">CQM-121 Pave Tiger</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotale_missile" title="Crotale missile">Crotale</a> (France)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="D">D</span></h3><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-9_Desna" title="R-9 Desna">Desna</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-9_Desna" title="R-9 Desna">R-9 Desna</a> intercontinental ballistic missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-3A" title="DF-3A">DF-3A</a> (NATO name: CSS-2)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-5" title="DF-5">DF-5</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-4" title="DF-4">DF-4</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-15" title="DF-15">DF-15</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-21" title="DF-21">DF-21</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-25" title="DF-25">DF-25</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-31" title="DF-31">DF-31</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DH-10" title="DH-10">DH-10</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-12_Dvina" title="R-12 Dvina">Dvina</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-12_Dvina" title="R-12 Dvina">R-12 Dvina</a> theatre ballistic missile)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="E">E</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGBU-15" title="EGBU-15">EGBU-15</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scud" title="Scud">Elbrus</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scud" title="Scud">R-300</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scud" title="Scud">Scud</a> variant)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENTAC" title="ENTAC">ENTAC</a> (France)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzian_missile" title="Enzian missile">Enzian missile</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERYX" title="ERYX">ERYX</a> (France)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromissile_HOT" title="Euromissile HOT">Euromissile HOT</a> anti-armour missile</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocet" title="Exocet">Exocet</a> (popular name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_Exocet" title="MBDA Exocet">MBDA Exocet</a>)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="F">F</span></h3><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh-110" title="Fateh-110">Fateh-110</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Fireflash" title="Fairey Fireflash">Fireflash</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Firestreak" title="De Havilland Firestreak">Firestreak</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGM-77_Dragon" title="FGM-77 Dragon">FGM-77 Dragon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin" title="FGM-148 Javelin">FGM-148 Javelin</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_103" title="Fieseler Fi 103">Fieseler Fi 103</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_%28flying_bomb%29" title="V-1 (flying bomb)">V-1</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-43_Redeye" title="FIM-43 Redeye">FIM-43 Redeye</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">FIM-92 Stinger</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FQM-117_RCMAT&action=edit&redlink=1" title="FQM-117 RCMAT (page does not exist)">FQM-117 RCMAT</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQM-151_Pointer" title="FQM-151 Pointer">FQM-151 Pointer</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FROG-7" title="FROG-7">FROG-7</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="G">G</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_missile" title="Gabriel missile">Gabriel missile</a> (Ship-to-ship and air-to-ship variants)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghauri_missile" title="Ghauri missile">Ghauri-I</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghauri-II" title="Ghauri-II">Ghauri-II</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghauri-III" title="Ghauri-III">Ghauri-III</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Rocket_1" title="Global Rocket 1">Global Rocket 1</a> fractional orbital bombardment system missile (Russia; Cold War) (NATO reporting name SS-X-10 Scrag)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorodomlya_G-1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gorodomlya G-1 (page does not exist)">Gorodomlya G-1</a> - Developed by a German team at <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorodomlya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gorodomlya (page does not exist)">Gorodomlya</a> island (57°12'0.06"N, 33° 4'0.02"E) in 1948, based on the V-2 with detachable warhead and integral propellant tanks. (a.k.a. R-10).</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorodomlya_G-1M&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gorodomlya G-1M (page does not exist)">Gorodomlya G-1M</a> - The G-1 with a more powerful engine proposed in 1949.</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorodomlya_G-2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gorodomlya G-2 (page does not exist)">Gorodomlya G-2</a> - (a.k.a. R-12) Developed as far as preliminary design the G-2 first stage was to have been powered by a cluster of three engines from the G-1 with a thrust of approx 100tons, the second stage being capable of delivering the warhead 2,000 to 2,500 kilometres. Insurmountable problems with control of the second stage forced abandonment.</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorodomlya_G-3&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gorodomlya G-3 (page does not exist)">Gorodomlya G-3</a> - The G-3 project was to have been a two-stage, G-1 derived rocket, with a winged upper stage similar to the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A9_%28missile%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="A9 (missile) (page does not exist)">A9</a> developed by Wehrner Von Braun's team at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peenemunde" title="Peenemunde">Peenemunde</a>, for a projected range of 8,000 to 10,000 kilometres</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorodomlya_G-4&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gorodomlya G-4 (page does not exist)">Gorodomlya G-4</a> - In April 1949 the Gorodomlya group were given the same requirements as the team at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NII-88" title="NII-88">NII-88</a> (which produced the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R-3_%28missile%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="R-3 (missile) (page does not exist)">R-3</a>). The German group designed a 24m (78 ft 9in) tall cone shaped rocket with an empty weight (including a three ton warhead) of seven tons and a launch weight of 70.85 tons, (a.k.a. R-14).</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorodomlya_G-5&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gorodomlya G-5 (page does not exist)">Gorodomlya G-5</a> - Designed in parallel with the G-4, (a.k.a. R-15), another group at Gorodomlya proposed a ramjet powered unmanned bomber boosted by a G-1 or A4 rocket, cruising at 15 km altitude for a range of 3,000 kilometres.</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GQM-93&action=edit&redlink=1" title="GQM-93 (page does not exist)">GQM-93</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GQM-94_B-Gull&action=edit&redlink=1" title="GQM-94 B-Gull (page does not exist)">GQM-94 B-Gull</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GQM-98_Tern-R&action=edit&redlink=1" title="GQM-98 Tern-R (page does not exist)">GQM-98 Tern-R</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQM-163_Coyote" title="GQM-163 Coyote">GQM-163 Coyote</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR-1" title="GR-1">GR-1</a> (designation for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Rocket_1" title="Global Rocket 1">Global Rocket 1</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Cheese_missile" title="Green Cheese missile">Green Cheese</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Flash_missile&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Green Flash missile (page does not exist)">Green Flash</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin_%28missile%29" title="Griffin (missile)">Griffin (missile)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grom_%28missile%29" title="Grom (missile)">Grom</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="H">H</span></h3><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C3%A8s_%28missile%29" title="Hadès (missile)">Hadès</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpoon_missile" title="Harpoon missile">Harpoon</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatf-I/IA" title="Hatf-I/IA">Hatf-I/IA/IB</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatf-VIII_%28Ra%27ad%29" title="Hatf-VIII (Ra'ad)">Hatf-VIII (Ra'ad)</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-2_Guideline" title="SA-2 Guideline">Hongqi-1</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-2_Guideline" title="SA-2 Guideline">Hongqi-2</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-7_Grail" title="SA-7 Grail">Hongnu-5</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hongqi-7&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hongqi-7 (page does not exist)">Hongqi-7</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hongqi-9&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hongqi-9 (page does not exist)">Hongqi-9</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-10_Grumble" title="SA-10 Grumble">Hongqi-10</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-10_Grumble" title="SA-10 Grumble">Hongqi-15</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-17_Grizzly" title="SA-17 Grizzly">Hongqi-17</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-12_Gladiator/Giant" title="SA-12 Gladiator/Giant">Hongqi-18</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hongqi-61&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hongqi-61 (page does not exist)">Hongqi-61</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromissile_HOT" title="Euromissile HOT">HOT</a> (popular name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromissile_HOT" title="Euromissile HOT">Euromissile HOT</a> anti-armour missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsiung_Feng_I" title="Hsiung Feng I">Hsiung Feng I (HF-1)</a> (ship-to-ship)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsiung_Feng_II" title="Hsiung Feng II">Hsiung Feng II (HF-2)</a> (guided multiplatform antiship)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsiung_Feng_IIE" title="Hsiung Feng IIE">Hsiung Feng IIE (HF-2E)</a> (land attack cruise missile variant of HF-2)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsiung_Feng_III" title="Hsiung Feng III">Hsiung Feng III (HF-3)</a> (antiship and/or land attack cruise missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyunmoo" title="Hyunmoo">Hyunmoo</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="I">I</span></h3><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDAS_%28missile%29" title="IDAS (missile)">IDAS (missile)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingwe_%28missile%29" title="Ingwe (missile)">Ingwe</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIS-T" title="IRIS-T">IRIS-T</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="J">J</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Missile" title="J-Missile">J-Missile</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin_surface-to-air_missile" title="Javelin surface-to-air missile">Javelin</a> Surface-to-air</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_missile" title="Jericho missile">Jericho missile</a> (Ground-to-ground ballistic)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JL-1" title="JL-1">JL-1</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JL-2" title="JL-2">JL-2</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="K">K</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_K-5" title="Kaliningrad K-5">K-5 missile</a> (AA-1 Alkali)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_K-8" title="Kaliningrad K-8">K-8 missile</a> (AA-3 Anab)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAN_Little_Joe" title="KAN Little Joe">KAN Little Joe</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raduga_K-9" title="Raduga K-9">K-9 missile</a> (AA-4 Awl)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_K-13" title="Vympel K-13">K-13 missile</a> (AA-2 Atoll)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaishan-1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kaishan-1 (page does not exist)">Kaishan-1</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalije_Fars&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Khalije Fars (page does not exist)">Khalije Fars</a> (English: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>) <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASBM" title="ASBM">ASBM</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="L">L</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Line-of-Sight_Launch_System" title="Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System">LAM</a> (Loitering Attack Missile)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEM-70_Minuteman_ERCS" title="LEM-70 Minuteman ERCS">LEM-70 Minuteman ERCS</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFK_NG" title="LFK NG">LFK NG</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_I" title="Titan I">LGM-25 Titan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">LGM-30 Minuteman</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman#Minuteman-I_.28LGM-30A.2FB_or_SM-80.2FHSM-80A.29" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">Minuteman I</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman#Minuteman-II_.28LGM-30F.29" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">Minuteman II</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman#Minuteman-III_.28LGM-30G.29" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">Minuteman III</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeper_missile" title="Peacekeeper missile">LGM-118 Peacekeeper</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieying-60" title="Lieying-60">Lieying-60</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIM-49A" title="LIM-49A">LIM-49 Spartan</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LIM-99&action=edit&redlink=1" title="LIM-99 (page does not exist)">LIM-99</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LIM-100&action=edit&redlink=1" title="LIM-100 (page does not exist)">LIM-100</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAN_Little_Joe" title="KAN Little Joe">Little Joe</a> (shipborne surface to air)</li>
</ul><ul><li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_March_cruise_missile&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Long March cruise missile (page does not exist)">Long March cruise missile</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="M">M</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_SLBM" title="M1 SLBM">M1</a> submarine launched ballistic missile</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M2_SLBM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="M2 SLBM (page does not exist)">M2</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_SLBM" title="M4 SLBM">M4</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M5_SLBM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="M5 SLBM (page does not exist)">M5</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M20_SLBM" title="M20 SLBM">M20</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M45_SLBM" title="M45 SLBM">M45</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M51_SLBM" title="M51 SLBM">M51</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R550_Magic" title="R550 Magic">Magic</a> (popular name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R550_Magic" title="R550 Magic">R550 Magic</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mectron_MAA-1_Piranha" title="Mectron MAA-1 Piranha">Mectron MAA-1 Piranha</a> (short-range air-air infrared homing missile)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkara_missile" title="Malkara missile">Malkara</a> (joint Australian/British)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN-1" title="MAN-1">MAN-1</a> (anti-ship missile by Mectron, not in service yet)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Pescador_MP-1000" title="Martin Pescador MP-1000">Martin Pescador MP-1000</a> anti-ship ASM (Argentina)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAR-1" title="MAR-1">MAR-1</a> (anti-radiation missile by Mectron, in tests)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathogo" title="Mathogo">Mathogo</a> anti-tank, wire-guided (Argentina)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_Apache" title="MBDA Apache">MBDA Apache</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MBDA_AS_30&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MBDA AS 30 (page does not exist)">MBDA AS 30</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_Aster" title="MBDA Aster">MBDA Aster</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_Exocet" title="MBDA Exocet">MBDA Exocet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_Meteor" title="MBDA Meteor">MBDA Meteor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_Meteor" title="MBDA Meteor">Meteor</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_Meteor" title="MBDA Meteor">MBDA Meteor</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Shadow" title="Storm Shadow">MBDA Scalp EG</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-1_Matador" title="MGM-1 Matador">MGM-1 Matador</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-5_Corporal" title="MGM-5 Corporal">MGM-5 Corporal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-13_Mace" title="MGM-13 Mace">MGM-13 Mace</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse" title="MGM-18 Lacrosse">MGM-18 Lacrosse</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-21" title="MGM-21">MGM-21</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-29_Sergeant" title="MGM-29 Sergeant">MGM-29 Sergeant</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-31_Pershing" title="MGM-31 Pershing">MGM-31 Pershing</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENTAC" title="ENTAC">MGM-32 ENTAC</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillelagh_missile" title="Shillelagh missile">MGM-51 Shillelagh</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-52_Lance" title="MGM-52 Lance">MGM-52 Lance</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-140_ATACMS" title="MGM-140 ATACMS">MGM-140 ATACMS</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgetman_missile" title="Midgetman missile">MGM-134 Midgetman</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MGM-157_EFOGM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MGM-157 EFOGM (page does not exist)">MGM-157 EFOGM</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-164_ATACMS_II" title="MGM-164 ATACMS II">MGM-164 ATACMS II</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-166_LOSAT" title="MGM-166 LOSAT">MGM-166 LOSAT</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MGM-168_ATAMCS_Block_IVA&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MGM-168 ATAMCS Block IVA (page does not exist)">MGM-168 ATAMCS Block IVA</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John" title="MGR-1 Honest John">MGR-1 Honest John</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_MICA" title="MBDA MICA">MICA</a> (project name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDA_MICA" title="MBDA MICA">MBDA MICA</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILAN" title="MILAN">MILAN</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike" title="Project Nike">MIM-3 Nike-Ajax</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike" title="Project Nike">MIM-14 Nike-Hercules</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">MIM-23 Hawk</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-46_Mauler" title="MIM-46 Mauler">MIM-46 Mauler</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-72_Chaparral" title="MIM-72 Chaparral">MIM-72 Chaparral</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot" title="MIM-104 Patriot">MIM-104 Patriot</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-115_Roland" title="MIM-115 Roland">MIM-115 Roland</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-146_ADATS" title="MIM-146 ADATS">MIM-146 ADATS</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISTRAL" title="MISTRAL">MISTRAL</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokopa" title="Mokopa">Mokopa</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molodets" title="Molodets">Molodets</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-23_Molodets" title="RT-23 Molodets">RT-23 Molodets</a>)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MQM-33&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MQM-33 (page does not exist)">MQM-33</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQM-36_Shelduck" title="MQM-36 Shelduck">MQM-36 Shelduck</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MQM-39&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MQM-39 (page does not exist)">MQM-39</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQM-40_Firefly" title="MQM-40 Firefly">MQM-40 Firefly</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MQM-42_Redhead/Roadrunner&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MQM-42 Redhead/Roadrunner (page does not exist)">MQM-42 Redhead/Roadrunner</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQM-57_Falconer" title="MQM-57 Falconer">MQM-57 Falconer</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MQM-58_Overseer&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MQM-58 Overseer (page does not exist)">MQM-58 Overseer</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQM-61_Cardinal" title="MQM-61 Cardinal">MQM-61 Cardinal</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQM-74_Chukar" title="MQM-74 Chukar">MQM-74 Chukar</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQM-105_Aquila" title="MQM-105 Aquila">MQM-105 Aquila</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQM-107_Streaker" title="MQM-107 Streaker">MQM-107 Streaker</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MQM-143_RPVT&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MQM-143 RPVT (page does not exist)">MQM-143 RPVT</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR-UR-100_Sotka" title="MR-UR-100 Sotka">MR-UR-100 Sotka</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (Russia; Cold War) (NATO reporting name SS-17 Spanker)</li>
<li>MX: See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-118_Peacekeeper" title="LGM-118 Peacekeeper">LGM-118 Peacekeeper</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_missiles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: N">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="N">N</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag_Missile" title="Nag Missile">Nag Missile</a> (Indian Anti-Tank Guided Missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirbhay" title="Nirbhay">Nirbhay</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Strike_Missile" title="Naval Strike Missile">Naval Strike Missile</a> (NSM)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike" title="Project Nike">Nike</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodong-1" title="Nodong-1">Nodong-1</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_bunker_buster" title="Nuclear bunker buster">Nuclear bunker buster</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="O">O</span></h3><ul><li>Oka (popular name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-400_Oka" title="R-400 Oka">R-400 Oka</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomat" title="Otomat">Otomat</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="P">P</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-1_%28missile%29" title="P-1 (missile)">P-1 missile</a> (SS-N-1 Scrubber)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-700_Granit" title="P-700 Granit">P-700 Granit</a> (SS-N-19 Shipwreck)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigat" title="Trigat">PARS 3 LR</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Air_Defence" title="Prithvi Air Defence">PAD</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_missile" title="Penguin missile">Penguin</a> (U.S. designation: AGM-119)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PenLung-9&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PenLung-9 (page does not exist)">PenLung-9</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL-10" title="PL-10">PL-10</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphem_missile" title="Polyphem missile">Polyphem</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_missile" title="Redstone missile">PGM-11 Redstone</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-17_Thor" title="PGM-17 Thor">PGM-17 Thor</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_IRBM" title="Jupiter IRBM">PGM-19 Jupiter</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-21M_Pioneer" title="RT-21M Pioneer">Pioneer</a> (popular name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-21M_Pioner" title="RT-21M Pioner">RT-21M Pioner</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluton_%28missile%29" title="Pluton (missile)">Pluton</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_missile" title="Popeye missile">Popeye missile</a> (Standoff. U.S. designation <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-142_Have_Nap" title="AGM-142 Have Nap">AGM-142 Have Nap</a>. A cruise missile variant purportedly exists as well)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PQM-56&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PQM-56 (page does not exist)">PQM-56</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PQM-102_Delta_Dagger" title="PQM-102 Delta Dagger">PQM-102 Delta Dagger</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PQM-149_UAV-SR&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PQM-149 UAV-SR (page does not exist)">PQM-149 UAV-SR</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PQM-150_UAV-SR&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PQM-150 UAV-SR (page does not exist)">PQM-150 UAV-SR</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_missile" title="Prithvi missile">Prithvi missile</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prithvi_II_missile&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Prithvi II missile (page does not exist)">Prithvi II missile</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prithvi_III_missile&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Prithvi III missile (page does not exist)">Prithvi III missile</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_5" title="Python 5">Python 5</a> (popular name for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Python_5" title="Rafael Python 5">Rafael Python 5</a>)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Q">Q</span></h3><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qassam_rocket" title="Qassam rocket">Qassam rocket</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiam_1" title="Qiam 1">Qiam 1</a> Iranian surface to surface missile.</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QW-1" title="QW-1">QW-1</a> SAM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QW-2" title="QW-2">QW-2</a> SAM</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="R">R</span></h3><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-1_%28missile%29" title="R-1 (missile)">R-1</a> theatre ballistic missile (SS-1 Scunner)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-2_rocket" title="R-2 rocket">R-2</a> theatre ballistic missile (SS-2 Sibling)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnovat_R-4" title="Bisnovat R-4">R-4 missile</a> (AA-5 Ash)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-5_missile" title="R-5 missile">R-5</a> theatre ballistic missile (SS-3 Shyster)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">R-7 Semyorka</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (USSR/Russia; Cold War) (NATO name SS-6 Sapwood)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-9_Desna" title="R-9 Desna">R-9 Desna</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (USSR/Russia; Cold War) (NATO name SS-8 Sasin)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scud" title="Scud">R-11</a> tactical ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (NATO name SS-1b Scud)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-12_Dvina" title="R-12 Dvina">R-12 Dvina</a> theatre ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (NATO name SS-4 Sandal)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-13_%28missile%29" title="R-13 (missile)">R-13</a> submarine launched ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (SS-N-4 Sark)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-14_Usovaya" title="R-14 Usovaya">R-14 Usovaya</a> theatre ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (NATO name SS-5 Skean)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-15_%28missile%29" title="R-15 (missile)">R-15</a> submarine ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-16" title="R-16">R-16</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (NATO name SS-7 Saddler)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R-17E&action=edit&redlink=1" title="R-17E (page does not exist)">R-17E</a>, variant of Russian Scud B</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-21_%28missile%29" title="R-21 (missile)">R-21</a> submarine-launched ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (SS-N-5 Serb)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-23" title="Vympel R-23">R-23 missile</a> (AA-7 Apex)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-26_%28missile%29" title="R-26 (missile)">R-26</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (mistakenly applied NATO name SS-8 Sasin)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-27_%28missile%29" title="R-27 (missile)">R-27</a> submarine-launched ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (SS-N-6 Serb)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-27" title="Vympel R-27">R-27 missile</a> (AA-10 Alamo)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-33" title="Vympel R-33">R-33 missile</a> (AA-9 Amos)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_%28missile%29" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (USSR/Ukraine) (NATO name SS-9 Scarp and SS-18 Satan)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-39_missile" title="R-39 missile">R-39 missile</a> (SS-N-20 Sturgeon)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnovat_R-40" title="Bisnovat R-40">R-40 missile</a> (AA-6 Acrid)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-46_%28missile%29" title="R-46 (missile)">R-46</a> orbital launcher and intercontinental ballistic missile (Russia; Cold War)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_R-60" title="Molniya R-60">R-60 missile</a> (AA-8 Aphid)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-73" title="Vympel R-73">R-73 missile</a> (AA-11 Archer)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-77" title="Vympel R-77">R-77 missile</a> (AA-12 Adder)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-300_Elbrus" title="R-300 Elbrus">R-300 Elbrus</a> theatre ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (NATO name SS-1c Scud)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-400_Oka" title="R-400 Oka">R-400 Oka</a> theatre ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (NATO name SS-23 Spider)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R550_Magic" title="R550 Magic">R550 Magic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27ad" title="Ra'ad">Ra'ad</a> Hataf VIII (Pakistani Cruise Missile)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapier_missile" title="Rapier missile">Rapier</a> Surface-to-air</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Python_5" title="Rafael Python 5">Rafael Python 5</a> (Air-to-air)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBS-15" title="RBS-15">RBS-15</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RBS-23&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RBS-23 (page does not exist)">RBS-23</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBS-70" title="RBS-70">RBS-70</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RBS-77&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RBS-77 (page does not exist)">RBS-77</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RBS-90&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RBS-90 (page does not exist)">RBS-90</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Red_Top" title="Hawker Siddeley Red Top">Red Top</a> Air-to-air</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulus_missile" title="Regulus missile">RGM-6 Regulus</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGM-15_Regulus_II" title="RGM-15 Regulus II">RGM-15 Regulus II</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGM-59_Taurus" title="RGM-59 Taurus">RGM-59 Taurus</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGM-165_LASM&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RGM-165 LASM (page does not exist)">RGM-165 LASM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-2_Terrier" title="RIM-2 Terrier">RIM-2 Terrier</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-7_Sea_Sparrow" title="RIM-7 Sea Sparrow">RIM-7 Sea Sparrow</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-8_Talos" title="RIM-8 Talos">RIM-8 Talos</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-24_Tartar" title="RIM-24 Tartar">RIM-24 Tartar</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-50_Typhon" title="RIM-50 Typhon">RIM-50 Typhon LR</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-55_Typhon_MR" title="RIM-55 Typhon MR">RIM-55 Typhon MR</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-66_Standard" title="RIM-66 Standard">RIM-66 Standard Missile-1</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-66_Standard" title="RIM-66 Standard">RIM-66 Standard Missile-2</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-67_Standard" title="RIM-67 Standard">RIM-67 Standard Missile-1 ER</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-67_Standard" title="RIM-67 Standard">RIM-67 Standard Missile-2 ER</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-85" title="RIM-85">RIM-85</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-101" title="RIM-101">RIM-101</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-113" title="RIM-113">RIM-113</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-116_Rolling_Airframe_Missile" title="RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile">RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-156_SM-2ER_Block_IV" title="RIM-156 SM-2ER Block IV">RIM-156 Standard Missile-2ER Block IV</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard missile 3">RIM-161 Standard Missile-3</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-162_ESSM" title="RIM-162 ESSM">RIM-162 ESSM</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_%28air_defence%29" title="Roland (air defence)">ROLAND</a> air defence missile</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-24" title="RS-24">RS-24</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (Russia; Modern) <a class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6700585.stm" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li>
<li>RSA-1</li>
<li>RSA-2</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA-3" title="RSA-3">RSA-3</a></li>
<li>RSA-4</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-1" title="RT-1">RT-1</a> theatre ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2" title="RT-2">RT-2</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (Russia; Cold War) (SS-13 Savage)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2PM_Topol" title="RT-2PM Topol">RT-2PM Topol</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (Russia; Modern)(SS-25 Sickle)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2UTTH_Topol_M" title="RT-2UTTH Topol M">RT-2UTTH Topol M</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (Russia; Modern) (SS-27)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-15" title="RT-15">RT-15</a> mobile land launced theatre ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (SS-14 Scamp)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-20_%28missile%29" title="RT-20 (missile)">RT-20</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (SS-15 Scrooge)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-21_Temp_2S" title="RT-21 Temp 2S">RT-21 Temp 2S</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (SS-16 Sinner)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-21M_Pioner" title="RT-21M Pioner">RT-21M Pioner</a> theatre ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War) (SS-20 Saber)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-23_Molodets" title="RT-23 Molodets">RT-23 Molodets</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (Russia; Modern) (SS-24 Scalpel)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-25" title="RT-25">RT-25</a> theatre ballistic missile (USSR; Cold War)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RUM-139_VL-Asroc" title="RUM-139 VL-Asroc">RUM-139 VL-Asroc</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asroc" title="Asroc">RUR-5 Asroc</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="S">S</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-2_Guideline" title="SA-2 Guideline">SA-2 Guideline</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-3_Goa" title="SA-3 Goa">SA-3 Goa</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-4_Ganef" title="SA-4 Ganef">SA-4 Ganef</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-5_Gammon" title="SA-5 Gammon">SA-5 Gammon</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-6_Gainful" title="SA-6 Gainful">SA-6 Gainful</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-7_Grail" title="SA-7 Grail">SA-7 Grail</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-8_Gecko" title="SA-8 Gecko">SA-8 Gecko</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-9_Gaskin" title="SA-9 Gaskin">SA-9 Gaskin</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-10_Grumble" title="SA-10 Grumble">SA-10 Grumble</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-11_Gadfly" title="SA-11 Gadfly">SA-11 Gadfly</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-12_Gladiator/Giant" title="SA-12 Gladiator/Giant">SA-12 Gladiator/Giant</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-13_Gopher" title="SA-13 Gopher">SA-13 Gopher</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-14_Gremlin" title="SA-14 Gremlin">SA-14 Gremlin</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-15_Gauntlet" title="SA-15 Gauntlet">SA-15 Gauntlet</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-16_Gimlet" title="SA-16 Gimlet">SA-16 Gimlet</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-17_Grizzly" title="SA-17 Grizzly">SA-17 Grizzly</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-18_Grouse" title="SA-18 Grouse">SA-18 Grouse</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-19_Grisom" title="SA-19 Grisom">SA-19 Grisom</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-20_Gargoyle" title="SA-20 Gargoyle">SA-20 Gargoyle</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SA-X-21_Growler&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SA-X-21 Growler (page does not exist)">SA-X-21 Growler</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-N-3_Goblet" title="SA-N-3 Goblet">SA-N-3 Goblet</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saber" title="Saber">Saber</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-20" title="SS-20">SS-20</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-21M_Pioner" title="RT-21M Pioner">RT-21M Pioner</a>)</li>
<li>Saddler (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-16" title="R-16">SS-7</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-16_rocket" title="R-16 rocket">R-16 rocket</a>)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samid&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Samid (page does not exist)">Samid</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saegheh" title="Saegheh">Saegheh</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagarika" title="Sagarika">Sagarika</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLBM" title="SLBM">SLBM</a>) (Indian <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_Missile" title="Ballistic Missile">Ballistic Missile</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajjil" title="Sajjil">Sajjil</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRBM" title="MRBM">MRBM</a>) (Iranian <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_Missile" title="Ballistic Missile">Ballistic Missile</a>)</li>
<li>Sandal (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-4" title="SS-4">SS-4</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-12_Dvina" title="R-12 Dvina">R-12 Dvina</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-6_Sapwood" title="SS-6 Sapwood">Sapwood</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-6" title="SS-6">SS-6</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">R-7 Semyorka</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-4" title="SS-N-4">SS-N-4</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-13_%28missile%29" title="R-13 (missile)">R-13</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasin" title="Sasin">Sasin</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-8" title="SS-8">SS-8</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-9_Desna" title="R-9 Desna">R-9 Desna</a>, also mistakenly applied to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-26_%28missile%29" title="R-26 (missile)">R-26</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-18" title="SS-18">SS-18</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_%28missile%29" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36M</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-13_Savage" title="SS-13 Savage">Savage</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-13" title="SS-13">SS-13</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2" title="RT-2">RT-2</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaleboard" title="Scaleboard">Scaleboard</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-12" title="SS-12">SS-12</a> / <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-22" title="SS-22">SS-22</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-1_Temp" title="TR-1 Temp">TR-1 Temp</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">Scalpel</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-24" title="SS-24">SS-24</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-23_Molodets" title="RT-23 Molodets">RT-23 Molodets</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-15" title="RT-15">Scamp (SS-14)</a> (NATO reporting name for the RT-15)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">Scapegoat</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-14" title="SS-14">SS-14</a>) (alternate NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-15" title="RT-15">RT-15</a>)</li>
<li>Scarp (SS-9) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_%28missile%29" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Rocket_1" title="Global Rocket 1">Scrag</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-X-10" title="SS-X-10">SS-X-10</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Rocket_1" title="Global Rocket 1">Global Rocket 1</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-200" title="UR-200">UR-200</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-20_%28missile%29" title="RT-20 (missile)">Scrooge</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-15" title="SS-15">SS-15</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-20_%28missile%29" title="RT-20 (missile)">RT-20</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scud" title="Scud">Scud</a> (<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-1b&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SS-1b (page does not exist)">SS-1b</a>/<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-1c" title="SS-1c">SS-1c</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scud" title="Scud">R-11</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-300_Elbrus" title="R-300 Elbrus">R-300 Elbrus</a> family)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunner" title="Scunner">Scunner</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-1" title="SS-1">SS-1</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-1_%28missile%29" title="R-1 (missile)">R-1</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_10" title="SD 10">SD 10</a> (Pakistani Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Cat_missile" title="Sea Cat missile">Sea Cat</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Dart_missile" title="Sea Dart missile">Sea Dart</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Eagle_missile" title="Sea Eagle missile">Sea Eagle</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Skua" title="Sea Skua">Sea Skua</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Slug_missile" title="Sea Slug missile">Sea Slug</a> Surface-to-air</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Wolf_missile" title="Sea Wolf missile">Sea Wolf</a> Surface-to-air</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100" title="UR-100">Sego</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100" title="UR-100">SS-11</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100" title="UR-100">UR-100</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyorka" title="Semyorka">Semyorka</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">R-7 Semyorka</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb" title="Serb">Serb</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-5" title="SS-N-5">SS-N-5</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-21_%28missile%29" title="R-21 (missile)">R-21</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb" title="Serb">Serb</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-6" title="SS-N-6">SS-N-6</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-27_%28missile%29" title="R-27 (missile)">R-27</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab-1" title="Shahab-1">Shahab-1</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab-2" title="Shahab-2">Shahab-2</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab-3" title="Shahab-3">Shahab-3</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab-3D" title="Shahab-3D">Shahab-3D</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab-4" title="Shahab-4">Shahab-4</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab-5" title="Shahab-5">Shahab-5</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab-6" title="Shahab-6">Shahab-6</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheen_missile" title="Shaheen missile">Shaheen-I</a> (Pakistani MRBM)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheen-II" title="Shaheen-II">Shaheen-II</a> (Pakistani IRBM)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheen-III" title="Shaheen-III">Shaheen-III</a> (Pakistani IRBM)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavit" title="Shavit">Shavit</a> (Space launcher)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkval" title="Shkval">Shkval</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkval" title="Shkval">VA-111</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaurya_missile" title="Shaurya missile">Shaurya missile</a> (Indian)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-3_Shyster" title="SS-3 Shyster">Shyster (SS-3</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-5_missile" title="R-5 missile">R-5</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-2_rocket" title="R-2 rocket">SS-2</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-1_%28missile%29" title="R-1 (missile)">R-2</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-25" title="SS-25">SS-25</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2PM_Topol" title="RT-2PM Topol">RT-2PM Topol</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_missile" title="Silkworm missile">Silkworm missile</a> subsonic cruise missile</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-21_Temp_2S" title="RT-21 Temp 2S">Sinner</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-16" title="SS-16">SS-16</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-21_Temp_2S" title="RT-21 Temp 2S">RT-21 Temp 2S</a>)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skean&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Skean (page does not exist)">Skean</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-5" title="SS-5">SS-5</a>) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-14_Usovaya" title="R-14 Usovaya">R-14 Usovaya</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Bow_I" title="Sky Bow I">Sky Bow I (TK-1)</a> (SAM)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Bow_II" title="Sky Bow II">Sky Bow II (TK-2)</a> (SAM)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Bow_III" title="Sky Bow III">Sky Bow III (TK-3)</a> (SAM)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Spear" title="Sky Spear">Sky Spear</a> (Short range SSBM)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sword_I" title="Sky Sword I">Sky Sword I (TC-1)</a> (air-to-air)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sword_II" title="Sky Sword II">Sky Sword II (TC-2)</a> (air-to-air)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skybolt_ALBM" title="Skybolt ALBM">Skybolt ALBM</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM-62_Snark" title="SM-62 Snark">SM-62 Snark</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSM-73_Goose" title="XSM-73 Goose">SM-73 Goose</a> (decoy cruise missile)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSM-74" title="XSM-74">SM-74</a> (proposed decoy cruise missile)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR-UR-100_Sotka" title="MR-UR-100 Sotka">Sotka</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR-UR-100_Sotka" title="MR-UR-100 Sotka">MR-UR-100 Sotka</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR-UR-100_Sotka" title="MR-UR-100 Sotka">Spanker</a> (SS-17) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR-UR-100_Sotka" title="MR-UR-100 Sotka">MR-UR-100 Sotka</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIM-49A_Spartan" title="LIM-49A Spartan">Spartan</a> LIM-49A ABM</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">Spider</a> (SS-23) (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-400_Oka" title="R-400 Oka">R-400 Oka</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_%28missile%29" title="Spike (missile)">Spike/Gil missile</a> (Anti-tank)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_%28missile%29" title="Sprint (missile)">Sprint</a> ABM</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-1_Scunner" title="SS-1 Scunner">SS-1 Scunner</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-1_%28missile%29" title="R-1 (missile)">R-1</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-1b_Scud" title="SS-1b Scud">SS-1b Scud</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scud" title="Scud">R-11</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-1c_Scud" title="SS-1c Scud">SS-1c Scud</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-300_Elbrus" title="R-300 Elbrus">R-300 Elbrus</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-2_Sibling" title="SS-2 Sibling">SS-2 Sibling</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-1_%28missile%29" title="R-1 (missile)">R-2</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-3_Shyster" title="SS-3 Shyster">SS-3 Shyster</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-5_missile" title="R-5 missile">R-5</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-4_Sandal" title="SS-4 Sandal">SS-4 Sandal</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-12_Dvina" title="R-12 Dvina">R-12 Dvina</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-5_Skean" title="SS-5 Skean">SS-5 Skean</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R-14_Skean&action=edit&redlink=1" title="R-14 Skean (page does not exist)">R-14 Skean</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-6_Sapwood" title="SS-6 Sapwood">SS-6 Sapwood</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">R-7 Semyorka</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-7_Saddler" title="SS-7 Saddler">SS-7 Saddler</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-16_rocket" title="R-16 rocket">R-16 rocket</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-8_Sasin" title="SS-8 Sasin">SS-8 Sasin</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-9_Desna" title="R-9 Desna">R-9 Desna</a>, also mistakenly applied to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-26_%28missile%29" title="R-26 (missile)">R-26</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-9_Scarp" title="SS-9 Scarp">SS-9 Scarp</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_%28missile%29" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36</a>)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-10&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SS-10 (page does not exist)">SS-10</a> surface-to-surface missile (France)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS.11" title="SS.11">SS-11</a> surface-to-surface missile (France)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-11_Sego" title="SS-11 Sego">SS-11 Sego</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100" title="UR-100">UR-100</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-12" title="SS-12">SS-12</a> surface-to-surface missile (France)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-12_Scaleboard" title="SS-12 Scaleboard">SS-12 Scaleboard</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-1_Temp" title="TR-1 Temp">TR-1 Temp</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-13_Savage" title="SS-13 Savage">SS-13 Savage</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2" title="RT-2">RT-2</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-14_Scamp" title="SS-14 Scamp">SS-14 Scamp</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-15" title="RT-15">RT-15</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-15_Scrooge" title="SS-15 Scrooge">SS-15 Scrooge</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-20_%28missile%29" title="RT-20 (missile)">RT-20</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-16_Sinner" title="SS-16 Sinner">SS-16 Sinner</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-21_Temp_2S" title="RT-21 Temp 2S">RT-21 Temp 2S</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-17_Spanker" title="SS-17 Spanker">SS-17 Spanker</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR-UR-100" title="MR-UR-100">MR-UR-100</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-18_Satan" title="SS-18 Satan">SS-18 Satan</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_%28missile%29" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36M</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-19_Stiletto" title="SS-19 Stiletto">SS-19 Stiletto</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100N" title="UR-100N">UR-100N</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-20_Saber" title="SS-20 Saber">SS-20 Saber</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RT-21M&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RT-21M (page does not exist)">RT-21M</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-21_Scarab" title="SS-21 Scarab">SS-21 Scarab</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTR-21" title="OTR-21">OTR-21</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-22_Scaleboard" title="SS-22 Scaleboard">SS-22 Scaleboard</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-1_Temp" title="TR-1 Temp">TR-1 Temp</a> modified versions)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-23_Spider" title="SS-23 Spider">SS-23 Spider</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-400_Oka" title="R-400 Oka">R-400 Oka</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-24_Scalpel" title="SS-24 Scalpel">SS-24 Scalpel</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-23_Molodets" title="RT-23 Molodets">RT-23 Molodets</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-25_Sickle" title="SS-25 Sickle">SS-25 Sickle</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2PM_Topol" title="RT-2PM Topol">RT-2PM Topol</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-27" title="SS-27">SS-27</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2UTTH_Topol_M" title="RT-2UTTH Topol M">RT-2UTTH Topol M</a>)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-1000&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SS-1000 (page does not exist)">SS-1000</a> (Brazil, retired)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-2" title="SS-N-2">SS-N-2</a> Styx</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-4_Sark" title="SS-N-4 Sark">SS-N-4 Sark</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-13_%28missile%29" title="R-13 (missile)">R-13</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-5_Serb" title="SS-N-5 Serb">SS-N-5 Serb</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-21_%28missile%29" title="R-21 (missile)">R-21</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-6_Serb" title="SS-N-6 Serb">SS-N-6 Serb</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-27_%28missile%29" title="R-27 (missile)">R-27</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-12" title="SS-N-12">SS-N-12 Sandbox</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-15" title="SS-N-15">SS-N-15</a> Starfish</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-16" title="SS-N-16">SS-N-16</a> Stallion</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-17" title="SS-N-17">SS-N-17</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-19" title="SS-N-19">SS-N-19</a> Shipwreck</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-20" title="SS-N-20">SS-N-20</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-22_Sunburn" title="SS-N-22 Sunburn">SS-N-22 Sunburn</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS-N-27_Sizzler&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SS-N-27 Sizzler (page does not exist)">SS-N-27 Sizzler</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3M54E&action=edit&redlink=1" title="3M54E (page does not exist)">3M54E</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-X-10_Scrag" title="SS-X-10 Scrag">SS-X-10 Scrag</a> (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Rocket_1" title="Global Rocket 1">Global Rocket 1</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-200" title="UR-200">UR-200</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starstreak" title="Starstreak">Starstreak</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiletto" title="Stiletto">Stiletto</a> (SS-19) (NATO reporting name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100N" title="UR-100N">UR-100N</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Shadow" title="Storm Shadow">Storm Shadow</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-9_Gaskin" title="SA-9 Gaskin">Strela-1 missile</a> (SA-9 Gaskin)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-7_Grail" title="SA-7 Grail">Strela-2 missile</a> (SA-7/SA-N-5 Grail)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_530" title="Super 530">Super 530</a> Air-Air</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swingfire" title="Swingfire">Swingfire</a> Ground to ground, anti-tank</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_missiles&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: T">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="T">T</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_missile" title="Taurus missile">Taurus missile</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terne_ASW" title="Terne ASW">Terne ASW</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-1_Temp" title="TR-1 Temp">Temp</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-1_Temp" title="TR-1 Temp">TR-1 Temp</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp_2S" title="Temp 2S">Temp 2S</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-21_Temp_2S" title="RT-21 Temp 2S">RT-21 Temp 2S</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric_Thunderbird" title="English Electric Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tippu_missile&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tippu missile (page does not exist)">Tippu missile</a> (Pakistani IRBM)</li>
<li>Topol (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2PM_Topol" title="RT-2PM Topol">RT-2PM Topol</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2UTTH_Topol_M" title="RT-2UTTH Topol M">RT-2UTTH Topol M</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOROS_missile" title="TOROS missile">TOROS missile</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-1_Temp" title="TR-1 Temp">TR-1 Temp</a> theatre ballistic missile (Russia; Cold War) (SS-12 / SS-22 Scaleboard)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigat" title="Trigat">Trigat</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishul_missile" title="Trishul missile">Trishul missile</a> (Indian Surface-to-Air Missile)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection">]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="U">U</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_missile" title="Polaris missile">UGM-27 Polaris</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon_missile" title="Poseidon missile">UGM-73 Poseidon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-89_Perseus" title="UGM-89 Perseus">UGM-89 Perseus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-96_Trident_I" title="UGM-96 Trident I">UGM-96 Trident I</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-133_Trident_II" title="UGM-133 Trident II">UGM-133 Trident II</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_missile" title="Umkhonto missile">Umkhonto</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTAS" title="UMTAS">UMTAS</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100" title="UR-100">UR-100</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (Russia; Cold War) (NATO reporting name SS-11 Sego)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100MR" title="UR-100MR">UR-100MR</a> (common alternate designation for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR-UR-100_Sotka" title="MR-UR-100 Sotka">MR-UR-100 Sotka</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100N" title="UR-100N">UR-100N</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (Russia; Cold War) (NATO reporting name SS-19 Stiletto)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-200" title="UR-200">UR-200</a> intercontinental ballistic missile (Russia; Cold War) (NATO reporting name SS-X-10 Scrag)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usovaya" title="Usovaya">Usovaya</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-14_Usovaya" title="R-14 Usovaya">R-14 Usovaya</a>)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUM-44_Subroc" title="UUM-44 Subroc">UUM-44</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroc" title="Subroc">Subroc</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUM-125_Sea_Lance" title="UUM-125 Sea Lance">UUM-125 Sea Lance</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="V">V</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_%28flying_bomb%29" title="V-1 (flying bomb)">V-1</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a> (popular name for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_%28missile%29" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36M2</a>)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="W">W</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserfall_missile" title="Wasserfall missile">Wasserfall missile</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="X">X</span></h3><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-4_missile" title="X-4 missile">X-4 missile</a></li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-78783584878850469652011-08-28T08:44:00.005-07:002011-08-28T08:44:09.687-07:00MISSILLE 2<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr align="center"><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span> </td> </tr>
<tr align="justify" style="font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;"> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/THAAD-Launch-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 668px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br />
THAAD launch (US DoD).<br />
<br />
</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr align="justify" style="font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;"> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><big><big style="font-weight: bold;">Background</big></big><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ballistic missiles and cruise missiles are the most rapidly growing category of offensive weapon in Asia, in response to which we are seeing increased planning for investment in defensive measures. The recent announcement that Japan and Australia were likely to participate in a feasibility study on ballistic missile defences, and Japan's overt pursuit of the F-22A Raptor fighter for cruise missile defence, are both indicators of a developing trend.</span></span> <br />
<br />
</td> </tr>
<tr align="justify" style="font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;"> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><big><big style="font-weight: bold;">Resources</big></big><br />
<ol><li>PRC Theater Missile Systems - <a href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/theater/index.html">http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/theater/index.html</a></li>
<li>Indian Missile Programs - <a href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/index.html">http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/index.html</a></li>
<li>Pakistan Missile Programs - <a href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/index.html">http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/index.html</a></li>
<li>DPRK Missile Programs - <a href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/dprk/missile/index.html">http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/dprk/missile/index.html</a></li>
</ol><br />
<big><big style="font-weight: bold;"> </big></big> </td> </tr>
<tr align="justify" style="font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;"> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><big><big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big><big><b>Regional Theatre Ballistic Missile Capabilities</b></big></big></span></span> </big></big><br />
<big><big style="font-weight: bold;"> </big></big><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The biggest user of ballistic missiles in Asia is the China, followed by North Korea, India, and Pakistan. The most numerous weapons are theatre oriented, either Tactical Ballistic Missiles (TBM) or Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM), with Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) operated by China and being developed by India and North Korea.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">China operates a wide range of weapons. Legacy weapons include the DF-3/DF-3A (2800 km), DF-4 (4,750 km), and the DF-5/DF-5A (13,000 km). TBMs include the M-7 (160 km), DF-11/M-11 (300 km), the DF-15/M-9 (500 km), the primary IRBM and SLBM is the DF-21/JL-1 series (1,800 km), supplemented by the DF-25 (1,800 km). Modern ICBMs include the developmental DF-31 and DF-41 series. There are claims China is adapting the DF-21 with terminal guidance as an anti-shipping weapon.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">India's capabilities are modest in comparison, and include the Prithvi TBM in three variants, with ranges between 150 and 350 km, and the navalised Dhanush with 250 km class range, recently tested. IRBM capability is provided by the Agni I (900 km) and Agni II (1,800 km). The Agni III is a developmental ICBM derivative.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pakistan has been very active in developing TBMs and IRBMs, mostly based on Chinese and North Korean technology. The indigenous Hatf 1 and 2 spans ranges between 100 and 280 km, the M-11 Shaheen, M-9 Shaheen I and the M-18 Shaheen II are Chinese technology, and the Ghauri I is an IRBM based on the Korean No-Dong.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The DPRK has been very active in developing IRBM and ICBM technology, as part of its long running strategy of extracting concessions by WMD blackmail of regional powers. The regime has also been a primary supplier to Iran, and partly to Pakistan. The DPRK has three families of missiles, based on the R-11/SS-1 Scud, the R-21/SS-N-5 Sark, and the R-27/SS-N-6 Serb. The Hwa-Song 5 and 6 are stretched Scud B/C/D TBMs, the No Dong A IRBM a derivative of the Soviet R-21, and the No Dong B the Soviet R-27. The Taepo Dong 1 and 2 are three stage ICBM growth variants of the No Dong series, with the capability to reach the US or Australia.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<big><big style="font-weight: bold;"> </big></big> </td> </tr>
<tr align="center" style="font-style: italic;"> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/DF-3-Ballistic-Missile-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 484px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
DF-3 ballistic missile being elevated for launch (PLA).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/DF-4-Ballistic-Missile-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 924px; width: 640px;" /><br />
<br />
DF-4 ballistic missile elevated (PLA).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/DF-5-Ballistic-Missile-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 853px; width: 480px;" /><br />
<br />
DF-5 being readied for launch (PLA).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/DF-5-Ballistic-Missile-2S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 474px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
DF-5 launch (PLA).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/DF-11-IRBM-WS-2400-TEL-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 426px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
DF-11 TEL on WS-2400 chassis (PLA).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/DF-11-IRBM-WS-2400-TEL-2S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 481px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/DF-15-Ballistic-Missile-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 418px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
DF-15 TEL on parade (PLA).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/DF-21-Ballistic-Missile-Legacy-TEL-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 383px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
DF-21 legacy TEL/Transporter (PLA).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/DF-21-TEL-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 508px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
DF-21 TELs on parade (PLA).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/DF-21-TEL-2S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 524px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
DF-21 TEL elevating (Xinhua).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/Prithvi-SS-150-TBM-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 428px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
Prithvi 150 TBMs (DRDO).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/Prithvi-SS-150-TBM-2S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 991px; width: 640px;" /><br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/Prithvi-SS-250-TBM-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 345px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
Prithvi 250 TEL (DRDO).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/Agni-II-Ballistic-Missile-TL-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 496px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
Agni II on parade (Antônio Milena - Agência Brasil)<br />
<br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><big><big>Defending Against Ballistic Missiles</big></big></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The best defensive strategy against all standoff missiles, be they ballistic or cruise missile class weapons, is to pre-emptively attack and destroy the launch platform. This was true in 1944 when the first V-1 and V-2 weapons were deployed and remains true today – 'killing the archer rather than the arrow'.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is unfortunately easier said than done, and counterforce air strikes against mobile missile launchers have been bedevilled with targeting problems since 1944 – the US Air Force effort against Saddam's Scud force in 1991 represents the most recent example. With ballistic and cruise missiles more recently deployed on submarines and surface warships, the problem gains a further dimension.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ground based mobile launchers however represent the greatest difficulty, as these are highly mobile and easily concealed. Users favour the 'shoot and scoot' strategy, and tracking weapons post launch leaves a very narrow time window to locate and kill the launcher before it departs.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Interception of both cruise missiles and ballistic missiles in flight is challenging, and it is an open question as to which is the more difficult target.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ballistic missiles are characteristically easy to detect and track once launched, but their hypersonic terminal phase velocity represents a real problem for defensive weapon systems. The problem is often described as 'hitting a bullet with another bullet', and the problem increases in difficulty as the range of the missile and its terminal velocity increase. Killing a Scud B is easier than killing an IRBM, and killing an IRBM in turn is easier than killing an ICBM.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Three strategies are possible for interception of ballistic missiles. Boost phase intercept sees the slow moving and highly visible by exhaust plume missile attacked, midcourse phase intercept sees the warhead and if attached, final stage attacked at the apex of its trajectory, and terminal phase intercept involves engagement of the warhead section as it dives on the target.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Boost phase intercept is the easiest from a detection, tracking and kinematic perspective. The exhaust plume can be seen from orbit, and hundreds of kilometres away in the air. The missile is climbing at a supersonic speed, and early in the boost phase, will have all of its stages attached presenting a large radar target. The difficulty with boost phase intercept is that the defending aircraft, be it equipped with an interceptor missile or directed energy Weapon (DEW), must be near enough to the launcher to effect a timely shot. Where the missile user has good 'anti-access' capability, via Surface to Air Missiles (SAM) and fighter aircraft, this becomes a challenging problem. Much of the justification for the design of the stealthy Northrop B-2A Spirit bomber was the hunting of highly mobile Soviet ICBM launchers.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fighters equipped with interceptor missiles are presented with a high risk environment in which they must orbit for many hours awaiting unpredictable ballistic missile launches, either to effect a boost phase shot, or to kill the launcher.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mid course phase intercepts are arguably the most challenging from a detection and tracking perspective, as the missile is at the peak of its trajectory, and having shed booster stages is a small and cool radar target. Kinematically, mid course phase intercepts are demanding in terms of altitude, even if the missile's speed is modest as it flies across the top of the ballistic arc. </span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Terminal phase intercepts sees the delivery vehicle produce a prominent ionisation trail and heat signature, as ablative coatings evaporate during re-entry. The ionisation plume provides a radar signature much larger than the vehicle itself, permitting a tracking system to cue precisely to the position of the warhead. The principal tracking challenge is discrimination between the re-entry vehicle and debris or countermeasures re-entering concurrently. The latter proved a major issue for Patriot intercepts of the Scud in 1991. Kinematics then become the primary challenge for a defender's missiles.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cruise missile defence is conceptually simpler, but technically no less difficult. This is because cruise missiles are low signature targets, with small radar cross sections in most bands and cool exhausts mostly – only supersonic cruise missiles have an appreciable heat signature. Flying low altitude terrain following profiles, cruise missiles are often routed to take advantage of terrain to further effect terrain masking, and hide the missile in the radar shadow of valleys and hills. Radars with high power aperture performance, usually in the X-band, are the sensor of choice for hunting cruise missiles. While in principle any air to air or surface to air missile can be used for this purpose, in practice fusing and seeker modifications are typically required to provide a high kill probability.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"><big><big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big><big><b>Ballistic Missile Defence Systems</b></big></big></span></span></big></big><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">At this point in time a number of systems are deployed or in develop to effect engagements against ballistic missiles.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-style: italic;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/YAL-1A-ABL-USAF-1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 265px; width: 768px;" /><br />
</span> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-style: italic;"><br />
YAL-1A in flight (U.S. Air Force)</span></div><br />
<big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big>USAF <a href="" name="YAL-1A"></a>YAL-1A AirBorne Laser System <a href="http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-DEW-HEL-Analysis.html">[Click for more ...]</a></big></span></span></big><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The technologically most advanced system at this time is the Boeing/USAF YAL-1A Air Borne Laser system, a 2 MegaWatt Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL) DEW carried by a modified Boeing 747-400F airframe. The weapon is being developed to effect boost phase engagements against TBMs, IRBMs and ICBMs from ranges of up to 400 km. The US aim is to deploy a small fleet of these aircraft to patrol the borders of rogue states, like the DPRK or Iran, and destroy any ballistic missiles which might be launched, resulting in their WMD payloads falling back on the territory of origin.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The ABL is a challenging program with ambitious goals, as the turbulent and particle laden atmosphere is a difficult propagation environment for the 1.315 micron laser beam to penetrate over a distance. The ABL uses a pilot beam laser to illuminate the target, and a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor to generate beam wavefront distortions, intended to compensate for atmospheric effects. Problems encountered to date include the 'firefly' effect, where atmospheric dust particles floating in the beam are partly vapourised, producing supeheated gas plumes and further disturbing the propagation environment. The program is currently in the development phase, with funding for production systems contingent on the success of the development article.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/NCADE-Cutaway-1S.jpg" style="height: 99px; width: 768px;" /><br />
</div><br />
<div style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify;">Raytheon's NCADE is a two stage Anti Ballistic Missile boost phase interceptor derived from the AIM-120 AMRAAM. The first stage is an AMRAAM motor, the second stage sustainer uses a high energy liquid propellant hydroxylammonium nitrate motor, with a hydroxylammonium nitrate four nozzle control thruster system (Raytheon images).<br />
</div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/NCADE-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 402px; width: 640px;" /><br />
</div> </span><br />
<big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big>Air Launched Hit-to-Kill / <a href="" name="NCADE"></a>NCADE</big></span></span></big><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Air Launched Hit-to-Kill system is a less ambitious proposal for a less capable boost phase system, which involves equipping a late model F-15C with the APG-63(V)3 phased array radar and a derivative of the Patriot PAC-3 interceptor missile. The Missile Defence Agency awarded a study contract early in 2007.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There are no reports as yet of a Russian analogue to this system, involving integration of the 9M96E/E2 missile with the Su-30/35 Flanker, although the Novator R-172 with similar size and performance is being integrated on the Su-35BM.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">To date most investment has however been put into terminal phase intercept weapons, some of which provide a limited midcourse intercept capability.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><img alt="48N6 Launch" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/48N6E-5P58TE-3-S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 614px; width: 768px;" /><br />
</div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">48N6 Missile Launch (Almaz).<br />
</span></div><big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big>Almaz-Antey S-300PMU1/PMU2/S-400 <a href="" name="GargoyleGrowler"></a>Gargoyle/Growler <a href="http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Grumble-Gargoyle.html">[Click for more ...]</a></big></span></span></big><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
Russia is currently marketing two families of ABM system, based on the S-300PMU/S-400 Grumble/Gargoyle system, and the S-300V/VM Giant/Gladiator system. While both share their early origins during the 1970s, they are unique missile systems with different radars, missiles and guidance systems.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The S-300PMU-1/PMU-2 provide some ABM capability akin to that in the early Patriot PAC-1 series, with variants of the 48N6 missile guided by the L-band 64N6E Big Bird acquisition radar and the X-band 30N6E Flap Lid engagement radar, the latter an analogue to the US MPQ-53 Patriot radar. With the transition to the newer S-400 variant, the 9M96E/E2 interceptor missiles were introduced, and radar enhancements added, to provide an ABM capability similar to the PAC-3. All weapons use Track Via Missile (TVM) guidance similar to the Patriot series. The system has been actively marketed in the ABM role.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/S-300V-Battery-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 512px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">S-300V Battery components, above left to right, 9A83 TELAR, 9A84 TEL/TL with crane elevated, 9A82 TELAR, below left to right, 9S15 Bill Board acquisition radar, 9S457 CP and 9S32 Grill Pan engagement radar.</span><br />
<big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big><br />
Almaz-Antey <a href="" name="S-300V"></a>S-300V Gladiator and Antey 2500/S-300VM <a href="http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Giant-Gladiator.html">[Click for more ...]</a></big></span></span><br style="font-weight: bold;" /> </big><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The alternative is the Antey 2500 or S-300VM, an enhanced PVO-SV S-300V system, armed with the hypersonic 9M82 and 9M83 missiles, guided by the 9S19M Imbir / High Screen acquistion radar and the 9S32M Grill Pan engagement radar. The missiles use semiactive continuous wave homing, with illuminators on each TEL. Unlike the S-300PMU/S-400 series which evolved from killing aircraft to an ABM, the S-300V was designed from the outset as an ABM, to the extent that the specialised High Screen ABM radar is used.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Both the S-300V and the S-300PMU-2/S-400 are highly mobile weapon systems, equipped with radio datalinks to connect battery elements.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/PAC-2-Patriot-Launch-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 619px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic;">MIM-140 PAC-2 Patriot launch (US DoD).</span><br />
</div><br />
<big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big>Raytheon MIM-104 <a href="" name="Patriot"></a>Patriot PAC-1/2/3</big></span></span></big><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The US competitor to the S-300PMU/S-400 and S-300VM is the MIM-104 Patriot supported by the MPQ-53 family of acquistion and engagement radars. The Patriot MIM-104B PAC-1 with limited ABM capability via warhead and fusing modifications was introduced during the late 1980s, and used during the 1991 Gulf War with widely disputed success. The further improved MIM-104C PAC-3 was also deployed during the 1991 conflict. It was followed in 1994 by the </span><span><span style="font-style: normal;">MIM-104D</span></span><b> </b>PAC-2/GEM (Guidance Enhanced Missile) system, since to be replaced with the enhanced MIM-104E GEM+ system, with further missile modifications.</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The most recent variant is the PAC-3 variant, in three consecutive configurations, the latest of which includes the revised MPQ-65 radar and the Lockheed Martin ERINT (Extended Range Interceptor) missile. The ERINT is a US analogue to the Russian 9M96 series, a compact and agile missile with Ka-band active seeker and thrusters.</span> <br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/PAC-3-ERINT-Launch-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 650px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic;">PAC-3 (ERINT) launch (US DoD).</span><br />
</div><br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/PAC-3-ERINT-Launch-2S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 941px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/PAC-3-ERINT-Cutaway-1S.jpg" style="height: 377px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
The PAC-3 is to provide the lower and mid altitude component of a layered defensive system, <span style="font-size: small;">where the upper coverage would be provided by the THAAD (Theatre High Altitude Area Defense) system. <br />
<br />
</span></span><big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big><img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/THAAD-TEL-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 416px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
</big></span></span></big> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic;">THAAD TEL (above) and TPY-2 engagement radar (below).</span><br />
</div><big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big><br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/THAAD-Radar-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 367px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
<a href="" name="Theatre_High_Altitude_Area_Defense"></a>Theatre High Altitude Area Defense System</big></span></span></big><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
The THAAD employs the Raytheon Systems AN/TPY-2 X-band Ground-Based Radar (GBR), a 9.2m² phased array with 25,344 solid-state X-band transmit and receive modules and a cited range of up to 1,000 km. The THAAD missile is a two stage design using a Kinetic Kill Vehicle (KKV), equipped with a liquid fuelled manoeuvring system and imaging thermal seeker. A typical battery uses 9 M1075 Oshkosh Truck Corporation Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck with Load Handling System (HEMTT-LHS) as TELs and a single towed AN/TPY-2 radar.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/THAAD-CONOPS-1S.jpg" style="height: 389px; width: 662px;" /><br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/THAAD-Cutaway-1S.jpg" style="height: 574px; width: 768px;" /><br />
</div><br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/THAAD-Intercept-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 972px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
<big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big><img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/THAAD-Seeker-Image-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 754px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
</big></span></span></big> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic;">THAAD Seeker image (US DoD).</span><br />
</div><br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/Arrow-Launch-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 808px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br style="font-style: italic;" /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic;">IAI Arrow launch (IAI).</span><br />
</div><br />
<big><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big><a href="" name="IAI"></a>IAI Green Pine / Arrow System</big></span></span></big><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Israeli competitor to the THAAD is the Green Pine / Arrow system. The Elta EL/M-2090 Green Pine is a phased array acquisition and engagement radar, which guides the two stage IAI Arrow 2 ABM. The hypersonic missile is equipped with an active radar and infrared seeker.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/Green-Pine-BMD-Radar-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 636px; width: 768px;" /><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Green Pine engagement radar for Arrow ABM (IAI Elta).<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/RIM-161-SM-3-Missile-1S.jpg" style="height: 193px; width: 768px;" /><br />
</span></div><br />
<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Raytheon </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><big><a href="" name="RIM-161"></a>RIM-161 Standard SM-3</big></span></span></big><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The US Navy is the final big player in this market with a planned two layered system built around the SPY-1 Aegis radar, and two variants of the Standard series missile. The NTW-TBMD (Navy Theater Wide - Theater Ballistic Missile Defense) was to use the RIM-156 Standard SM-2ER Block IV missile for lower altitude engagements, and the Raytheon RIM-161 Standard SM-3 for high altitude engagements. With the cancellation of the RIM-156 capability the system is now centred on the RIM-161, which uses a new booster, and a LEAP (Lightweight Exo-Atmosspheric Projectile) infrared guided terminal vehicle.<br />
<br />
</span></span> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/RIM-161-SM-3-Missile-Evolution-1S.jpg" style="height: 529px; width: 768px;" /><br />
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<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/RIM-161-SM-3-Missile-Seeker-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 458px; width: 768px;" /><br />
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RIM-161/SM-3 LEAP infrared seeker module (US DoD).<br />
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<img alt="" src="http://www.ausairpower.net/RIM-161-SM-3-Missile-Target-1S.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; height: 418px; width: 768px;" /><br />
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</tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-41485070960263781592011-08-28T08:42:00.000-07:002011-08-28T08:42:52.007-07:00MISSILLE 1The word <i>missile</i> comes from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verb <i>mittere</i>, meaning "to send". In military parlance, powered/guided munitions are broadly categorised as follows:<br />
<ul><li>A powered, guided munition that travels through the air or space is known as a <b>missile</b> (or <i>guided missile</i>.)</li>
<li>A powered, <i>un</i>guided munition is known as a <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_%28weapon%29" title="Rocket (weapon)">rocket</a></b>.</li>
<li>Unpowered munitions are called <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a></b> whether guided or not; unpowered, guided munitions are known as <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_bomb" title="Guided bomb">guided bombs</a></b> or "<b>smart bombs</b>".</li>
<li>Munitions that are fired from a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">gun</a> are known as <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a></b> whether guided or not.</li>
<li>Powered munitions that travel through water are called <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a></b>.</li>
</ul>A common further sub-division is to consider <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a></b> to mean a munition that follows a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_trajectory" title="Ballistic trajectory">ballistic trajectory</a> and <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a></b> to describe a munition that generates lift.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_development">Early development</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rockets" title="History of rockets">History of rockets</a></div>The first missiles to be used operationally were a series of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_guided_missiles_of_Germany" title="List of World War II guided missiles of Germany">missiles</a> developed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Most famous of these are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_missile" title="V-2 missile">V-2</a>, both of which used a simple mechanical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a> to keep the missile flying along a pre-chosen route. Less well known were a series of anti-shipping and anti-aircraft missiles, typically based on a simple <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a> system directed by the operator. However, these early systems in World War 2 were only built in small numbers.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Technology">Technology</span></h2>Guided missiles have a number of different system components:<br />
<ul><li>Targeting and/or guidance</li>
<li>Flight system</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">Engine</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">Warhead</a></li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Guidance_systems">Guidance systems</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_guidance" title="Missile guidance">Missile guidance</a></div>Missiles may be targeted in a number of ways. The most common method is to use some form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>, to guide the missile onto its target. This radiation may emanate from the target (such as the heat of an engine or the radio waves from an enemy radar), it may be provided by the missile itself (such as a radar) or it may be provided by a friendly third party (such as the radar of the launch vehicle/platform, or a laser designator operated by friendly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>). The first two are often known as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-and-forget" title="Fire-and-forget">fire-and-forget</a></i> as they need no further support or control from the launch vehicle/platform in order to function. Another method is to use a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_camera" title="TV camera">TV camera</a>—using either <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light" title="Visible light">visible light</a> or infra-red—in order to see the target. The picture may be used either by a human operator who steers the missile onto its target, or by a computer doing much the same job. Many missiles use a combination of two or more of the above methods, to improve accuracy and the chances of a successful engagement.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Targeting_systems">Targeting systems</span></h3>Another method is to target the missile by knowing the location of the target, and using a guidance system such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Navigation_System" title="Inertial Navigation System">INS</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERCOM" title="TERCOM">TERCOM</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS" title="GPS">GPS</a>. This guidance system guides the missile by knowing the missile's current position and the position of the target, and then calculating a course between them. This job can also be performed somewhat crudely by a human operator who can see the target and the missile, and guides it using either cable or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-control" title="Radio-control">radio</a> based remote-control, or by an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLOS" title="ACLOS">automatic system</a> that can simultaneously track the target and the missile.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Flight_system">Flight system</span></h3>Whether a guided missile uses a targeting system, a guidance system or both, it needs a flight system. The flight system uses the data from the targeting or guidance system to maneuver the missile in flight, allowing it to counter inaccuracies in the missile or to follow a moving target. There are two main systems: vectored thrust (for missiles that are powered throughout the guidance phase of their flight) and aerodynamic maneuvering (wings, fins, canards, etc.).<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Engine">Engine</span></h3>Missiles are powered by an engine, generally either a type of rocket or jet engine. Rockets are generally of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_fuel_rocket" title="Solid fuel rocket">solid fuel</a> type for ease of maintenance and fast deployment, although some larger ballistic missiles use <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_fuel_rocket" title="Liquid fuel rocket">liquid fuel rockets</a>. Jet engines are generally used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a>, most commonly of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> type, due to its relative simplicity and low frontal area. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofans</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">ramjets</a> are the only other common forms of jet engine propulsion, although any type of engine could theoretically be used. Missiles often have multiple engine stages, particularly in those launched from the ground. These stages may all be of similar types or may include a mix of engine types.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Warhead">Warhead</span></h3>Missiles generally have one or more <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warheads</a>, although other weapon types may also be used. The warhead or warheads of a missile provides its primary destructive power (many missiles have extensive secondary destructive power due to the high kinetic energy of the weapon and unburnt fuel that may be on board). Warheads are most commonly of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_explosive" title="High explosive">high explosive</a> type, often employing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charges</a> to exploit the accuracy of a guided weapon to destroy hardened targets. Other warhead types include <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submunition" title="Submunition">submunitions</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiaries</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_weapon" title="Biological weapon">biological</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological_weapon" title="Radiological weapon">radiological weapons</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator" title="Kinetic energy penetrator">kinetic energy penetrators</a>. Warheadless missiles are often used for testing and training purposes.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_roles">Basic roles</span></h2>Missiles are generally categorized by their launch platform and intended target. In broadest terms, these will either be surface (ground or water) or air, and then sub-categorized by range and the exact target type (such as anti-tank or anti-ship). Many weapons are designed to be launched from both surface or the air, and a few are designed to attack either surface or air targets (such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Anti-Tank_System" title="Air Defense Anti-Tank System">ADATS</a> missile). Most weapons require some modification in order to be launched from the air or ground, such as adding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booster_%28rocketry%29" title="Booster (rocketry)">boosters</a> to the ground launched version.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Surface-to-Surface.2FAir-to-Surface">Surface-to-Surface/Air-to-Surface</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">Surface-to-surface missile</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">Air-to-surface missile</a></div><h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ballistic">Ballistic</span></h4><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dnepr_rocket_lift-off_1.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dnepr_rocket_lift-off_1.jpg/220px-Dnepr_rocket_lift-off_1.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dnepr_rocket_lift-off_1.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_%28missile%29" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36</a> ballistic missile launch at a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> silo.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">Ballistic missile</a></div>After the boost-stage, ballistic missiles follow a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectory</a> mainly determined by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a>. The guidance is for relatively small deviations from that.<br />
Ballistic missiles are largely used for land attack missions. Although normally associated with nuclear weapons, some conventionally armed ballistic missiles are in service, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATACMS" title="ATACMS">ATACMS</a>. The V2 had demonstrated that a ballistic missile could deliver a warhead to a target city with no possibility of interception, and the introduction of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> meant it could do useful damage when it arrived. The accuracy of these systems was fairly poor, but post-war development by most military forces improved the basic <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_platform" title="Inertial platform">inertial platform</a> concept to the point where it could be used as the guidance system on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBM" title="ICBM">ICBMs</a> flying thousands of kilometers. Today the ballistic missile represents the only <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">strategic deterrent</a> in most military forces, however some Ballistic missiles are being adapted for conventional roles, such as the Russian <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander" title="Iskander">Iskander</a> or the Chinese <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-21#DF-21D_.28CSS-5_Mod-4.29_Anti-ship_ballistic_missile" title="DF-21">DF-21D</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ship_ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ship ballistic missile">anti-ship ballistic missile</a>. Ballistic missiles are primarily surface launched from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_erector_launcher" title="Transporter erector launcher">mobile launchers</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_silo" title="Missile silo">silos</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">ships</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">submarines</a>, with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALBM" title="ALBM">air launch</a> being theoretically possible using a weapon such as the canceled <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skybolt" title="Skybolt">Skybolt</a> missile.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-2UTTH_Topol_M" title="RT-2UTTH Topol M">Topol M (SS-27 Sickle B)</a> is the fastest (7,320 m/sec) missile currently in service<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cruise_missile">Cruise missile</span></h4><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomahawk_Block_IV_cruise_missile.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tomahawk_Block_IV_cruise_missile.jpg/220px-Tomahawk_Block_IV_cruise_missile.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomahawk_Block_IV_cruise_missile.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>United States <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_cruise_missile" title="Tomahawk cruise missile">Tomahawk cruise missile</a></div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">Cruise missile</a></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V1</a> had been successfully intercepted during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but this did not make the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> concept entirely useless. After the war, the US deployed a small number of nuclear-armed cruise missiles in Germany, but these were considered to be of limited usefulness. Continued research into much longer ranged and faster versions led to the US's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaho_missile" title="Navaho missile">Navaho missile</a>, and its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> counterparts, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burya" title="Burya">Burya</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_cruise_missile" title="Buran cruise missile">Buran cruise missile</a>. However, these were rendered largely obsolete by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBM" title="ICBM">ICBM</a>, and none were used operationally. Shorter-range developments have become widely used as highly accurate attack systems, such as the US <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_missile" title="Tomahawk missile">Tomahawk missile</a>, the Russian <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-55" title="Kh-55">Kh-55</a> the German <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_missile" title="Taurus missile">Taurus missile</a>, the Indian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrahMos" title="BrahMos">BrahMos</a> fastest supersonic cruise missile and the Pakistani <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur_cruise_missile" title="Babur cruise missile">Babur cruise missile</a>.<br />
Cruise missiles are generally associated with land attack operations, but also have an important role as anti-shipping weapons. They are primarily launched from air, sea or submarine platforms in both roles, although land based launchers also exist.<br />
<h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-ship">Anti-ship</span></h4><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exocet-mil.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="176" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Exocet-mil.jpg/220px-Exocet-mil.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exocet-mil.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocet" title="Exocet">Exocet</a> missile in flight.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">Anti-ship missile</a></div>Another major German missile development project was the anti-shipping class (such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_X" title="Fritz X">Fritz X</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henschel_Hs_293" title="Henschel Hs 293">Henschel Hs 293</a>), intended to stop any attempt at a cross-channel invasion. However the British were able to render their systems useless by jamming their radios, and missiles with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_guided_missile" title="Wire guided missile">wire guidance</a> were not ready by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>. After the war the anti-shipping class slowly developed, and became a major class in the 1960s with the introduction of the low-flying jet- or rocket-powered cruise missiles known as "sea-skimmers". These became famous during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> when an Argentine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocet" title="Exocet">Exocet missile</a> sank a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> destroyer.<br />
A number of anti-submarine missiles also exist; these generally use the missile in order to deliver another weapon system such as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charge</a> to the location of the submarine, at which point the other weapon will conduct the underwater phase of the mission.<br />
<h4><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-tank">Anti-tank</span></h4><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army-fgm148.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="157" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Army-fgm148.jpg/220px-Army-fgm148.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army-fgm148.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> soldiers firing an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin" title="FGM-148 Javelin">FGM-148 Javelin</a>.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank guided missile</a></div>By the end of WWII all forces had widely introduced unguided rockets using <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEAT" title="HEAT">HEAT</a> warheads as their major anti-tank weapon (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerfaust" title="Panzerfaust">Panzerfaust</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">Bazooka</a>). However these had a limited useful range of a 100 m or so, and the Germans were looking to extend this with the use of a missile using <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_guided_missile" title="Wire guided missile">wire guidance</a>, the X-7. After the war this became a major design class in the later 1950s, and by the 1960s had developed into practically the only non-tank anti-tank system in general use. During the 1973 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> between Israel and Egypt, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M14_Malyutka" title="9M14 Malyutka">9M14 Malyutka</a> (aka "Sagger") man-portable anti-tank missile proved potent against Israeli tanks. While other guidance systems have been tried, the basic reliability of wire-guidance means this will remain the primary means of controlling anti-tank missile in the near future. Anti tank missiles may be launched from aircraft, vehicles or by ground troops in the case of smaller weapons.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Surface-to-air">Surface-to-air</span></h3><h4><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-aircraft">Anti-aircraft</span></h4><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patriot_missile_launch_b.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="278" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Patriot_missile_launch_b.jpg/220px-Patriot_missile_launch_b.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patriot_missile_launch_b.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot" title="MIM-104 Patriot">MIM-104 Patriot</a> missile being launched</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">Surface-to-air missile</a></div>By 1944 US and British air forces were sending huge air fleets over occupied Europe, increasing the pressure on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> day and night fighter forces. The Germans were keen to get some sort of useful ground-based anti-aircraft system into operation. Several systems were under development, but none had reached operational status before the war's end. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> also started missile research to deal with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a> threat. By 1950 systems based on this early research started to reach operational service, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Ajax" title="Nike Ajax">Nike Ajax</a>, the Navy's "3T's" (Talos, Terrier, Tartar), and soon followed by the Soviet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-25_Berkut" title="S-25 Berkut">S-25 Berkut</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a> and French and British systems. Anti-aircraft weapons exist for virtually every possible launch platform, with surface launched systems ranging from huge, self propelled or ship mounted launchers to man portable systems.<br />
<h4><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-ballistic">Anti-ballistic</span></h4><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrow_anti-ballistic_missile_launch.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="213" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arrow_anti-ballistic_missile_launch.jpg/170px-Arrow_anti-ballistic_missile_launch.jpg" width="170" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrow_anti-ballistic_missile_launch.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_missile" title="Arrow missile">Arrow missile</a></div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">Anti-ballistic missile</a></div>Like most missiles, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_%28missile%29" title="Arrow (missile)">Arrow missile</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-300_%28missile%29" title="S-300 (missile)">S-300</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-400" title="S-400">S-400</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot" title="MIM-104 Patriot">MIM-104 Patriot</a> are for defense against short-range missiles and carry explosive warheads.<br />
However, in the case of a large closing speed, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile#Explosive_charge_or_kinetic" title="Projectile">a projectile without explosives</a> is used, just a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision" title="Collision">collision</a> is sufficient to destroy the target. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency" title="Missile Defense Agency">Missile Defense Agency</a> for the following systems being developed:<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_Energy_Interceptor" title="Kinetic Energy Interceptor">Kinetic Energy Interceptor</a> (KEI)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_System" title="Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System">Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System</a> (Aegis BMD) - a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard missile 3">SM-3</a> missile with Lightweight Exo-Atmospheric Projectile (LEAP) Kinetic Warhead (KW)</li>
</ul><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Air-to-air">Air-to-air</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">Air-to-air missile</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-22A_Raptor_-03-4058.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="128" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/F-22A_Raptor_-03-4058.jpg/220px-F-22A_Raptor_-03-4058.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-22A_Raptor_-03-4058.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">F-22 Raptor</a> fires an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-120_AMRAAM" title="AIM-120 AMRAAM">AIM-120 AMRAAM</a></div></div></div>Soviet <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-82_rocket" title="RS-82 rocket">RS-82 rockets</a> were successfully tested in combat at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Battle of Khalkhin Gol</a> in 1939.<br />
German experience in WWII demonstrated that destroying a large aircraft was quite difficult, and they had invested considerable effort into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missile</a> systems to do this. Their <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me-262" title="Me-262">Me-262</a>'s jets often carried R4M rockets, and other types of "bomber destroyer" aircraft had unguided rockets as well. In the post-war period the R4M served as the pattern for a number of similar <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems" title="Systems">systems</a>, used by almost all interceptor aircraft during the 1940s and '50s. Lacking guidance systems, such rockets had to be carefully aimed at relatively close range to successfully hit the target. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> began deploying guided missiles in the early 1950s, most famous being the US Navy's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a> and USAF's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon" title="AIM-4 Falcon">AIM-4 Falcon</a>. These systems have continued to advance, and modern air warfare consists almost entirely of missile firing. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, less powerful British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrier_Jump_Jet" title="Harrier Jump Jet">Harriers</a> were able to defeat faster Argentinian opponents using AIM-9G missiles provided by the United States as the conflict began. The latest heat-seeking designs can lock onto a target from various angles, not just from behind, where the heat signature from the engines is strongest. Other types rely on radar guidance (either on-board or "painted" by the launching aircraft). Air to Air missiles also have a wide range of sizes, ranging from helicopter launched self defense weapons with a range of a few kilometers, to long range weapons designed for interceptor aircraft such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vympel_R-37" title="Vympel R-37">Vympel R-37</a>.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-satellite">Anti-satellite</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASAT_missile_launch.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="291" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ASAT_missile_launch.jpg/220px-ASAT_missile_launch.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASAT_missile_launch.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">ASM-135 ASAT</a> missile launch on Sep. 13, 1985.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a></div>In the 1950s and 1960s, Soviet designers started work on an anti-satellite weapon, called the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istrebitel_Sputnik" title="Istrebitel Sputnik">Istrebitel Sputnik</a>", which meant literally, Interceptor of satellites, or Destroyer of satellites. After a lengthy development process of roughly 20 years, it was finally decided that testing of the Istrebitel Sputnik be canceled. Ironically, this was when the U.S. started testing their own systems. From the mid 1970s onwards, the Soviets tested <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon" title="Directed-energy weapon">Directed-energy weapons</a> with a facility named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra-3" title="Terra-3">Terra-3</a>, although relatively underpowered to perform a full anti-satellite attack, it was used to cause malfunctions on board the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle Challenger</a> in 1984.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The proposed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Brilliant Pebbles</a> defense system during the 1980s would use kinetic energy collisions without explosives. Anti satellite weapons may be launched either by an aircraft or a surface platform, depending on the design. To date, only a few known tests have occurred.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-60221923611086419712011-08-28T08:37:00.000-07:002011-08-28T08:37:06.815-07:00ARMAMENT COMBATING AIRCRAFTA <b>military aircraft</b> is any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotary-wing</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gunston_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft#cite_note-gunston-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat:<br />
<ul><li>Combat aircraft are aircraft designed to destroy enemy equipment using their own armament.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gunston_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft#cite_note-gunston-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Combat aircraft are normally developed and procured only by military forces.</li>
<li>Non-combat aircraft are aircraft not designed for combat as their primary function, but may carry weapons for self-defense. These mainly operate in support roles, and may be developed by either military forces or civilian organizations.</li>
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</tbody></table><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Combat_aircraft">Combat aircraft</span></h2>Combat aircraft (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warplane" title="Warplane">warplanes</a>) divide broadly into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a>. There are several variations between the fighter and the bomber, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bombers</a>, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">MiG-23</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft" title="Ground-attack aircraft">ground-attack aircraft</a>, such as the Soviet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2">Ilyushin Il-2</a> Shturmovik. Also included among combat aircraft are long-range <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">maritime patrol aircraft</a>, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod">Hawker Siddeley Nimrod</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-3_Viking" title="S-3 Viking">S-3 Viking</a> that are often equipped to attack with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missiles</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine weapons</a>.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fighters">Fighters</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mig_29_firing_AA-10.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="144" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mig_29_firing_AA-10.JPG/220px-Mig_29_firing_AA-10.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mig_29_firing_AA-10.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a> firing an air-to-air missile.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter aircraft</a></div>The main role of fighters is destroying enemy aircraft in air-to-air combat, offensive or defensive. Many are fast and highly maneuverable. Escorting bombers or other aircraft is also a common task. They are capable of carrying a variety of weapons, including machine guns, cannons, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_%28weapon%29" title="Rocket (weapon)">rockets</a> and guided missiles. Many modern fighters can attack enemy fighters from a great distance, before the enemy even sees them. Examples of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_superiority_fighter" title="Air superiority fighter">air superiority fighters</a> include the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptor" title="F-22 Raptor">F-22 Raptor</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a>. WWII fighters include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang" title="P-51 Mustang">P-51 Mustang</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bf_109" title="Bf 109">Bf 109</a>. An example of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor</a> (a fighter designed to take-off and quickly intercept and shoot down enemy planes) would be the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-25" title="MiG-25">MiG-25</a>. An example of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_fighter" title="Heavy fighter">heavy fighter</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a>. The term "fighter" is also sometimes applied to aircraft that have virtually no air-air capability – for example the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10</a> ground-attack aircraft is operated by USAF "Fighter" squadrons.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bombers">Bombers</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-29_in_flight.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="141" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/B-29_in_flight.jpg/220px-B-29_in_flight.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-29_in_flight.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortress" title="B-29 Superfortress">B-29 Superfortress</a>.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombers" title="Bombers">Bombers</a></div>Bombers are normally larger, heavier, and less maneuverable than fighter aircraft. They are capable of carrying large payloads of bombs. Bombers are used almost exclusively for ground attacks and not fast or agile enough to take on enemy fighters head-to-head. A few have a single engine and require one pilot to operate and others have two or more engines and require crews of two or more. A limited number of bombers, such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirit" title="B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a>, have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth</a> capabilities that keep them from being detected by enemy radar. An example of a conventional modern bomber would be the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52 Stratofortress</a>. An example of a WWII bomber would be a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortress</a>. Bombers include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">light bombers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bombers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bombers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bombers</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bombers</a>. The U.S. Navy and Marines have traditionally referred to their light and medium bombers as "attack aircraft".<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Attack_aircraft">Attack aircraft</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-10_firing_AGM-65.JPEG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="144" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/A-10_firing_AGM-65.JPEG/220px-A-10_firing_AGM-65.JPEG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-10_firing_AGM-65.JPEG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>An <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10 Thunderbolt II</a> firing an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">AGM-65</a>.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft" title="Ground-attack aircraft">Ground-attack aircraft</a></div>Attack aircraft can be used to provide support for friendly ground troops. Some are able to carry conventional or nuclear weapons far behind enemy lines to strike priority ground targets. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">Attack helicopters</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_weapon#Helicopters" title="Anti-tank weapon">attack enemy armor</a> and provide <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> for ground troops. An example ground-attack aircraft is the Soviet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2">Ilyushin Il-2</a> Shturmovik. Several types of transport airplanes have been armed with sideways firing weapons as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunship" title="Gunship">gunships</a> for ground attack. These include the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-47" title="AC-47">AC-47</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-130" title="AC-130">AC-130</a> aircraft.<br />
In modern air forces, the distinction between bombers, fighter-bombers, and attack aircraft has become blurred. Many attack aircraft, even ones that <i>look</i> like fighters, are optimized to drop bombs, with very little ability to engage in aerial combat. Indeed, the design qualities that make an effective low-level attack aircraft make for a distinctly inferior air superiority fighter, and vice versa. Perhaps the most meaningful distinction is that a bomber is generally a long-range aircraft capable of striking targets deep within enemy territory, whereas fighter bombers and attack aircraft are limited to 'theater' missions in and around the immediate area of battlefield combat. Even that distinction is muddied by the availability of aerial refueling, which greatly increases the potential radius of combat operations.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Multirole_combat_aircraft">Multirole combat aircraft</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-15E_gbu-28_release.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="143" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/F-15E_gbu-28_release.jpg/220px-F-15E_gbu-28_release.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-15E_gbu-28_release.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15E Strike Eagle</a> dropping a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision-guided_munition" title="Precision-guided munition">PGB</a>.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">Multirole combat aircraft</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">Fighter-bomber</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_fighter" title="Strike fighter">Strike fighter</a></div>Many combat aircraft today have a multirole ability. Normally only applying to fixed-wing aircraft, this term signifies that the plane in question can be a fighter or a bomber, depending on what the mission calls for. An example of a multirole plane is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet" title="F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18 Hornet</a>. A WWII example would be the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-38_Lightning" title="P-38 Lightning">P-38 Lightning</a>.<br />
Some fighter aircraft, such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a>, are mostly used as 'bomb trucks', despite being designed for aerial combat.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Non-combat_aircraft">Non-combat aircraft</span></h2>Non-combat roles of military aircraft include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">observation/surveillance</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">transport</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_%28aircraft%29" title="Trainer (aircraft)">training</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">aerial refueling</a>.<br />
Many civil aircraft, both fixed wing and rotary wing, have been produced in separate models for military use, such as the civilian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> airliner, which became the military <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" title="C-47 Skytrain">C-47 Skytrain</a>, and British "Dakota" transport planes, and decades later, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF" title="USAF">USAF</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-47" title="AC-47">AC-47</a> aerial gunships. Even the fabric-covered two-seat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_J-3" title="Piper J-3">Piper J3 Cub</a> had a military version. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">Gliders</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_balloon" title="Observation balloon">balloons</a> have also been used as military aircraft; for example, balloons were used for observation during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">military gliders</a> were used during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to deliver ground troops in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne assaults</a>.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Military_transport_aircraft">Military transport aircraft</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-014-30,_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_52.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="140" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-014-30%2C_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_52.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-014-30%2C_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_52.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-014-30,_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_52.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Transport <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a></div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">Military transport aircraft</a></div>Military transport (logistics) aircraft are primarily used to transport troops and war supplies. Cargo can be attached to pallets, which are easily loaded, secured for flight, and quickly unloaded for delivery. Cargo also may be discharged from flying aircraft on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a>, eliminating the need for landing. Also included in this category are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tanker_aircraft_%28aerial_refueling%29" title="List of tanker aircraft (aerial refueling)">aerial tankers</a>; these planes can refuel other aircraft while <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_refueling" title="In-flight refueling">in flight</a>. An example of a transport aircraft is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a>. A WWII example would be the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-47" title="C-47">C-47</a>. An example of a tanker craft would be the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker" title="KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135 Stratotanker</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">Helicopters</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">gliders</a> can transport troops and supplies to areas where other aircraft would be unable to land.<br />
Calling a military aircraft a "cargo plane" is incorrect, because military <i>transport planes</i> also carry <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a> and other soldiers.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Reconnaissance_and_surveillance_aircraft">Reconnaissance and surveillance aircraft</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="157" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg/220px-Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon_Sentinel" title="Raytheon Sentinel">Raytheon Sentinel</a> with a radar pod.</div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance aircraft</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">Surveillance aircraft</a></div>Reconnaissance aircraft are primarily used to gather intelligence. They are equipped with cameras and other sensors. These aircraft may be specially designed or may be modified from a basic fighter or bomber type. This role is increasingly being filled by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellites" title="Satellites">satellites</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="Unmanned aerial vehicles">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> (UAVs).<br />
Surveillance and observation aircraft use radar and other sensors for battlefield surveillance, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_early_warning" title="Airborne early warning">airspace surveillance</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">maritime patrol</a> and artillery spotting. They include modified civil aircraft designs, moored balloons and UAVs.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Experimental_Aircraft">Experimental Aircraft</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental aircraft</a></div>Experimental aircraft are designed in order to test advanced aerodynamic, structural, avionic, or propulsion concepts. These are usually well instrumented, with performance data telemetered on radio-frequency data links to ground stations located at the test ranges where they are flown. An example of an experimental aircraft is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XB-70_Valkyrie" title="XB-70 Valkyrie">XB-70 Valkyrie</a>.<br />
SUnknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-65415476688214632232011-08-28T08:31:00.000-07:002011-08-28T08:31:51.608-07:00ARMAMENT HELICOPTERAn <b>attack helicopter</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">military helicopter</a> with the primary role of an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">attack aircraft</a>, with the capability of engaging targets on the ground, such as enemy infantry and armored vehicles. Due to their heavy armament they are sometimes called <b>helicopter gunships</b>.<br />
Weapons used on attack helicopters can include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannons</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-gun" title="Machine-gun">machine-guns</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>, and guided <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a> such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire" title="AGM-114 Hellfire">Hellfire</a>. Many attack helicopters are also capable of carrying <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_to_air_missile" title="Air to air missile">air to air missiles</a>, though mostly for purposes of self-defense. Today's attack helicopter has two main roles: first, to provide direct and accurate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> for ground troops, and the second, in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_weapon#Helicopters" title="Anti-tank weapon">anti-tank</a> role to destroy enemy armor concentrations. Attack helicopters are also used to supplement lighter helicopters in the armed scout role. In combat, an attack helicopter is projected to destroy around 17 times its own production cost before it is destroyed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ratio_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-ratio-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_development">History and development</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_209.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="138" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bell_209.jpg/220px-Bell_209.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_209.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Prototype of the AH-1, the first dedicated attack helicopter, and a canonical example to this day</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ah56a-lc1_b.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="148" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ah56a-lc1_b.jpg/220px-Ah56a-lc1_b.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ah56a-lc1_b.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>AH-56 Cheyenne prototype</div></div></div>In the mid-1960s the U.S. Army concluded that a purpose-built attack helicopter with more speed and firepower than current <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_helicopter" title="Armed helicopter">armed helicopters</a> was required in the face of increasingly intense ground fire (often using heavy machine guns and anti-tank rockets) from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army" title="Vietnam People's Army">NVA</a> troops. Based on this realization, and with the growing involvement in Vietnam, the U.S. Army developed the requirements for a dedicated attack helicopter, the Advanced Aerial Fire Support System (AAFSS). The aircraft design selected for this program in 1965, was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed's</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-56_Cheyenne" title="AH-56 Cheyenne">AH-56 Cheyenne</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Attack-1_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-Attack-1-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
As the Army began its acquisition of a dedicated attack helicopter, it sought options to improve performance over the continued use of improvised interim aircraft (such as the UH-1B/C). In late 1965, a panel of high-level officers was selected to evaluate several prototype versions of armed and attack helicopters to determine which provided the most significant increase in capability to the UH-1B. The three aircraft ranked highest during the evaluation; the Sikorsky S-61, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H-2_Tomahawk&action=edit&redlink=1" title="H-2 Tomahawk (page does not exist)">Kaman H-2 Tomahawk</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_AH-1_Cobra" title="Bell AH-1 Cobra">Bell AH-1 Cobra</a>, were selected to compete in flight trials conducted by the Army's Aviation Test Activity. Upon completion of the flight evaluations, the Test Activity recommended Bell's Huey Cobra to be an interim armed helicopter until the Cheyenne was fielded. On 13 April 1966, the U.S. Army awarded Bell Helicopter Company a production contract for 110 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1_Cobra" title="AH-1 Cobra">AH-1G Cobras</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Attack-1_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-Attack-1-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The Cobra had a tandem cockpit seating arrangement (vs UH-1 side-by-side) to make the aircraft a smaller frontal target, increased armor protection, and greater speed.<br />
In 1967, the first AH-1Gs were deployed to Vietnam, around the same time that the Cheyenne successfully completed its first flight and initial flight evaluations. And while the Cheyenne program suffered setbacks over the next few years due to technical problems, the Cobra was establishing itself as an effective aerial weapons platform, despite its performance shortcomings compared to the AH-56,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Attack-1_1-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-Attack-1-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> and design issues of its own. By 1972, when the Cheyenne program was eventually cancelled to make way for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Attack_Helicopter" title="Advanced Attack Helicopter">Advanced Attack Helicopter</a> (AAH),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Attack-1_1-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-Attack-1-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> the <i>interim</i> "Snake" had built a solid reputation as an attack helicopter.<br />
After Vietnam, and especially into the 1990s, the missile-armed attack helicopter evolved into a primary anti-tank weapon. Able to quickly move about the battlefield and launch fleeting "pop-up attacks", helicopters presented a major threat even with the presence of organic air defenses. The gunship became a major tool for both the US Army and their Warsaw Pact counterparts in tank warfare, and most attack helicopters became more and more optimized for the antitank mission.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mazarella_1994_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-Mazarella_1994-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The US Marine Corps continued to see the helicopter, as well as its fixed-wing aviation assets, in the close support role, although the Marines did dedicate a close-support helicopter in the form of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-1_Super_Cobra" title="AH-1 Super Cobra">AH-1 Super Cobra</a>. Soviet helicopters retained troop transport capability rather than being attack only.<br />
While helicopters were effective tank-killers in the Middle East, attack helicopters are being seen more in a multipurpose role. Tactics, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_plinking" title="Tank plinking">tank plinking</a>, showed that fixed-wing aircraft could be effective against tanks, but helicopters retained a unique low-altitude, low-speed capability for close air support. Other purpose-built helicopters were developed for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">special operations</a> missions, including the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MH-6" title="MH-6">MH-6</a> for extremely close support.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_attack_helicopters">Modern attack helicopters</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8-28%D0%9D%D0%AD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A1-2007_%2802%29.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="98" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%9C%D0%B8-28%D0%9D%D0%AD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A1-2007_%2802%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B8-28%D0%9D%D0%AD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A1-2007_%2802%29.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8-28%D0%9D%D0%AD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A1-2007_%2802%29.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A Russian Mil Mi-28N</div></div></div>During the late 1970s the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> saw the need of more sophistication within the attack helicopter corps, allowing them to operate in all weather conditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> With that the Advanced Attack Helicopter program was started.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> From this program the Hughes YAH-64 came out as the winner. The Soviet armed forces also saw the need of a more advanced helicopter. Military officials asked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov" title="Kamov">Kamov</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Moscow_Helicopter_Plant" title="Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant">Mil</a> to submit designs. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-50" title="Kamov Ka-50">Ka-50</a> officially won the competition, but Mil decided to continue development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-28" title="Mil Mi-28">Mi-28</a> that they had originally submitted.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurocopter_Tiger_2.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Eurocopter_Tiger_2.jpg/220px-Eurocopter_Tiger_2.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurocopter_Tiger_2.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Tiger" title="Eurocopter Tiger">Tiger UHT</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCH_TD2.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="148" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/LCH_TD2.jpg/220px-LCH_TD2.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCH_TD2.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Second prototype of India's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Light_Combat_Helicopter" title="HAL Light Combat Helicopter">HAL Light Combat Helicopter</a></div></div></div>Today, the attack helicopter has been further refined, and the AH-64D Apache Longbow demonstrates many of the advanced technologies being considered for deployment on future gunships. The recently fielded AH-1Z upgrades the twin-engine AH-1W Super Cobra currently operated by the US Marines. The Russians are currently deploying the Ka-50, Ka-52 and Mi-28, which are roughly equivalent to the AH-64D and the AH-1Z. Many students of ground attack helicopter warfare feel that linking into a network is a requirement of today's modern armies, since attack helicopters are being increasingly incorporated as part of a linked support element system by most of the armies of the world. This doctrine is known a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric warfare</a> in US military circles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_action">In action</span></h2>The 1990s could be seen as the coming-of-age for the U.S. attack helicopter. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH-64_Apache" title="AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apache</a> was used extensively during <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> with great success. Apaches fired the first shots of the war, destroying enemy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_warning_radar" title="Early warning radar">early warning radar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">SAM</a> sites with their <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_missile" title="Hellfire missile">Hellfire missiles</a>. They were later used successfully in both of their operational roles, to direct attack against enemy armor and as aerial artillery in support of ground troops. Hellfire missile and cannon attacks by Apache helicopters destroyed many enemy tanks and armored cars.<br />
In 1999 during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> found that there was a need for helicopters that can operate at such high altitude conditions with ease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> The limitations of attack helicopters from operating with high payloads and restricted maneuverability led India to the develop the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Light_Combat_Helicopter" title="HAL Light Combat Helicopter">Light Combat Helicopter</a> that can operate in high altitudes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> These helicopters will be used by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army aviation wing.<br />
The "deep attack" role of independently operating attack helicopters came into question after a failed mission, during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Iraq_war_timeline#March_24.2C_2003" title="2003 Iraq war timeline">2003 Gulf War attack on the Karbala Gap</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WT2003-04_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-WT2003-04-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> A second mission in the same area, four days later, but coordinated with artillery and fixed-wing aircraft,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRS2003-06-04_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-CRS2003-06-04-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> was far more successful with minimal losses.<br />
In 2011, Britain and France sent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_Apache" title="AgustaWestland Apache">AgustaWestland Apache</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Tiger" title="Eurocopter Tiger">Eurocopter Tiger</a> attack helicopters to Libya. The primary objective of the 2011 military intervention was to protect civilians in accordance with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">Resolution 1973</a>. Within days of the Apaches deployment, it had completed a variety of tasks such as destroying tanks, checkpoints held by pro-Gaddafi forces and vehicles carrying ammunitions loyal to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. The attack helicopters were reported to be far more effective than the fighter jets which had previously been given the task of completing the aforementioned tasks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ka-52_at_MAKS-2009.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ka-52_at_MAKS-2009.jpg/220px-Ka-52_at_MAKS-2009.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ka-52_at_MAKS-2009.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-50" title="Kamov Ka-50">Ka-52</a>, a two-seat variant of the Ka-50, at an airshow</div></div></div>Modern examples include:<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agusta_A129_Mangusta" title="Agusta A129 Mangusta">AgustaWestland AW129</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAI/AgustaWestland_T-129" title="TAI/AgustaWestland T-129">TAI/AgustaWestland T-129</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_AH-1_Cobra" title="Bell AH-1 Cobra">Bell AH-1 Cobra</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_AH-1_SuperCobra" title="Bell AH-1 SuperCobra">Bell AH-1 SuperCobra</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_AH-1Z_Viper" title="Bell AH-1Z Viper">Bell AH-1Z Viper</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache" title="Boeing AH-64 Apache">Boeing AH-64 Apache</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_Apache" title="AgustaWestland Apache">AgustaWestland Apache</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAIC_WZ-10" title="CAIC WZ-10">CAIC WZ-10</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denel_AH-2_Rooivalk" title="Denel AH-2 Rooivalk">Denel AH-2 Rooivalk</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Tiger" title="Eurocopter Tiger">Eurocopter Tiger</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Light_Combat_Helicopter" title="HAL Light Combat Helicopter">HAL Light Combat Helicopter</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-50" title="Kamov Ka-50">Kamov Ka-50/Ka-52</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-24" title="Mil Mi-24">Mil Mi-24</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_helicopter#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-28" title="Mil Mi-28">Mil Mi-28</a></li>
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-33446147122225629212011-08-28T08:25:00.000-07:002011-08-28T08:25:38.645-07:00ARMAMENT BATTLESHIPA <b>battleship</b> is a large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armored</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warship</a> with a main <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a> consisting of heavy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">guns</a>. Battleships were larger, better armed and armored than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>. As the largest armed ships in a fleet, battleships were used to attain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">command of the sea</a> and represented the apex of a nation's naval power from about 1875 up until <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. With the rise of air power, guided missiles, and guided bombs, large guns were no longer deemed necessary to establish naval superiority.<br />
Battleship design evolved to incorporate and adapt technological advances to maintain an edge. The word <i>battleship</i> was coined around 1794 and is a contraction of the phrase <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">line-of-<b>battle ship</b></a>,</i> the dominant wooden warship during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OED_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-OED-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The term came into formal use in the late 1880s to describe a type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stoll_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Stoll-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> now referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleships</a>. In 1906, the commissioning of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_%281906%29" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a> heralded a revolution in battleship design. Following battleship designs that were influenced by HMS <i>Dreadnought</i> were referred to as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a>".<br />
Battleships were a symbol of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a> dominance and national might, and for decades the battleship was a major factor in both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The global <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> in battleship construction beginning in the late 19th century and exacerbated by <i>Dreadnought</i> was one of the causes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which saw a clash of large battle fleets at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_for_the_Limitation_of_Naval_Armament" title="Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armament">Naval Treaties</a> of the 1920s and 1930s limited the number of battleships but did not end the evolution of design. Both the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Powers" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> deployed battleships of old construction and new during World War II.<br />
The value of the battleship has been questioned, even during the period of their prominence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> In spite of the immense resources spent on battleships, there were few pitched battleship clashes. Even with their enormous firepower and protection, battleships were increasingly vulnerable to much smaller, cheaper ordnance and craft: initially the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mine</a>, and later aircraft and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_missile" title="Guided missile">guided missile</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lenton_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Lenton-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The growing range of naval engagements led to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> replacing the battleship as the leading <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ship</a> during World War II, with the last battleship to be launched being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_%2823%29" title="HMS Vanguard (23)">HMS <i>Vanguard</i></a> in 1944. Battleships were retained by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> only for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_support" title="Fire support">fire support</a> purposes. The last US battleships, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29" title="USS Wisconsin (BB-64)">USS <i>Wisconsin</i></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_%28BB-63%29" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS <i>Missouri</i></a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> were decommissioned in 1991 and 1992, and finally stricken from the U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register" title="Naval Vessel Register">Naval Vessel Register</a> in 2006 and 1995, respectively.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BB64_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-BB64-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BB63_7-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-BB63-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ships_of_the_line">Ships of the line</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line"><br />
</a></div>A ship of the line was a large, unarmored <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wooden</a> sailing ship on which was mounted a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a> of up to 120 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">guns</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronades</a>. The ship of the line was a gradual evolution of a basic design that dates back to the 15th century, and, apart from growing in size, it changed little between the adoption of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a> tactics in the early 17th century and the end of the sailing battleship's heyday in the 1830s. From 1794, the alternative term 'line of battle ship' was contracted (informally at first) to 'battle ship' or 'battleship'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OED_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-OED-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="166" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg/220px-TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Napol%C3%A9on_%281850%29" title="French ship Napoléon (1850)">Le Napoléon</a></i> (1850), the first steam battleship</div></div></div>The sheer number of guns fired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside" title="Broadside">broadside</a> meant that a sailing battleship could wreck any wooden vessel, smashing its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_%28watercraft%29" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_%28sailing%29" title="Mast (sailing)">masts</a> and killing its crew. However, the effective range of the guns was as little as a few hundred yards, so the battle tactics of sailing ships depended in part on the wind.<br />
The first major change to the ship of the line concept was the introduction of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power" title="Steam power">steam power</a> as an auxiliary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">propulsion system</a>. Steam power was gradually introduced to the navy in the first half of the 19th century, initially for small craft and later for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> introduced steam to the line of battle with the 90-gun <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Napol%C3%A9on_%281850%29" title="French ship Napoléon (1850)"><i>Le Napoléon</i></a> in 1850<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup>—the first true steam battleship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Napoleon</i> was armed as a conventional ship-of-the-line, but her steam engines could give her a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h), regardless of the wind conditions: a potentially decisive advantage in a naval engagement. The introduction of steam accelerated the growth in size of battleships. France and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> were the only countries to develop <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steam_powered_ships_of_the_line" title="List of steam powered ships of the line">fleets of wooden steam screw battleships</a>, although several other navies operated small numbers of screw battleships, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> (9), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turkey</a> (3), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (2), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> (1), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (1) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> (1).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LambertBIT_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-LambertBIT-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ironclads">Ironclads</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">Ironclad warship</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LaGloirePhotograph.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LaGloirePhotograph.jpg/220px-LaGloirePhotograph.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LaGloirePhotograph.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The French <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_La_Gloire" title="French battleship La Gloire"><i>La Gloire</i></a> (1859), the first ocean–going <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a></div></div></div>The adoption of steam power was only one of a number of technological advances which revolutionized warship design in the 19th century. The ship of the line was overtaken by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad</a>: powered by steam, protected by metal armor, and armed with guns firing high-explosive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28projectile%29" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Explosive_shells">Explosive shells</span></h3>Guns which fired explosive or incendiary shells were a major threat to wooden ships, and these weapons quickly became widespread after the introduction of 8 inch shell guns as part of the standard armament of French and American line-of-battle ships in 1841.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, six line-of-battle ships and two frigates of the Russian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> destroyed seven Turkish frigates and three corvettes with explosive shells at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">Battle of Sinop</a> in 1853.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Later in the war, French ironclad floating batteries used similar weapons against the defenses at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kinburn_%281855%29" title="Battle of Kinburn (1855)">Battle of Kinburn</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lambert_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Lambert-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Nevertheless wooden-hulled ships stood up comparatively well to shells, as shown in the 1866 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_%281866%29" title="Battle of Lissa (1866)">Battle of Lissa</a>, where the modern Austrian steam two-decker <i>Kaiser</i> ranged across a confused battlefield, rammed an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italian</a> ironclad and took 80 hits from Italian ironclads,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> many of which were shells,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> but including at least one 300 pound shot at point blank range. Despite losing her <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">bowsprit</a> and her foremast, and being set on fire, she was ready for action again the very next day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wilson_16-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Wilson-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Iron_armor_and_construction">Iron armor and construction</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hms_warrior.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="156" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hms_warrior.jpg/220px-Hms_warrior.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hms_warrior.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Warrior_%281860%29" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS <i>Warrior</i></a> (1860), the Royal Navy's first ocean–going iron hulled warship.</div></div></div>The development of high-explosive shells made the use of iron <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armor</a> plate on warships necessary. In 1859 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> launched <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_La_Gloire" title="French battleship La Gloire"><i>La Gloire</i></a>, the first ocean-going ironclad warship. She had the profile of a ship of the line, cut to one deck due to weight considerations. Although made of wood and reliant on sail for most journeys, <i>La Gloire</i> was fitted with a propeller, and her wooden hull was protected by a layer of thick iron armor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Gloire</i> prompted further innovation from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, anxious to prevent France from gaining a technological lead.<br />
The superior armored frigate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Warrior_%281860%29" title="HMS Warrior (1860)"><i>Warrior</i></a> followed <i>La Gloire</i> by only 14 months, and both nations embarked on a program of building new ironclads and converting existing screw ships of the line to armored frigates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Within two years, Italy, Austria, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and Russia had all ordered ironclad warships, and by the time of the famous clash of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS <i>Virginia</i></a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a> at least eight navies possessed ironclad ships.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeRedoutablePhoto.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="140" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/LeRedoutablePhoto.jpg/220px-LeRedoutablePhoto.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeRedoutablePhoto.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The French <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Redoutable_%281876%29" title="French battleship Redoutable (1876)"><i>Redoutable</i></a> (1876), the first battleship to use steel as the main building material<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></div></div></div>Navies experimented with the positioning of guns, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turrets</a> (like the USS <i>Monitor</i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_battery_ship" title="Central battery ship">central-batteries</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">barbettes</a>, or with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">ram</a> as the principal weapon. As steam technology developed, masts were gradually removed from battleship designs. By the mid-1870s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> was used as a construction material alongside iron and wood. The French Navy's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Redoutable_%281876%29" title="French battleship Redoutable (1876)"><i>Redoutable</i></a>, laid down in 1873 and launched in 1876, was a central <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a> and barbette warship which became the first battleship in the world to use steel as the principal building material.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-dreadnought_battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Texas2.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="163" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/USS_Texas2.jpg/220px-USS_Texas2.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Texas2.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Pre-<i>Dreadnought</i> battleship <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Texas_%281892%29" title="USS Texas (1892)">USS <i>Texas</i></a>, built in 1892, was the first battleship of the U.S. Navy. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochrom" title="Photochrom">Photochrom</a> print c. 1898.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Agamemnon_%281908%29_profile_drawing.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="161" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/HMS_Agamemnon_%281908%29_profile_drawing.png/220px-HMS_Agamemnon_%281908%29_profile_drawing.png" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Agamemnon_%281908%29_profile_drawing.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Diagram of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Agamemnon_%281906%29" title="HMS Agamemnon (1906)">HMS <i>Agamemnon</i></a> (1908), a typical late pre-dreadnought battleship</div></div></div>The term "battleship" was officially adopted by the Royal Navy in the re-classification of 1892. By the 1890s, there was an increasing similarity between battleship designs, and the type now known as the 'pre-dreadnought battleship' emerged. These were heavily armored ships, mounting a mixed battery of guns in turrets, and without sails. The typical first-class battleship of the pre-dreadnought era displaced 15,000 to 17,000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a>, had a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h), and an armament of four 12-inch (305 mm) guns in two turrets fore and aft with a mixed-caliber secondary battery amidships around the superstructure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stoll_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Stoll-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> An early design with superficial similarity to the pre-dreadnought is the British <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devastation_class_battleship" title="Devastation class battleship"><i>Devastation</i>-class</a> of 1871.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> However, it was not until the 1890s that the widespread adoption of steel construction and hardened steel armor meant that a turret-ship could combine heavy armament and protection with high speed and good sea keeping.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
The slow-firing 12-inch (305 mm) main guns were the principal weapons for battleship-to-battleship combat. The intermediate and secondary batteries had two roles. Against major ships, it was thought a 'hail of fire' from quick-firing secondary weapons could distract enemy gun crews by inflicting damage to the superstructure, and they would be more effective against smaller ships such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>. Smaller guns (12-pounders and smaller) were reserved for protecting the battleship against the threat of torpedo attack from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The beginning of the pre-dreadnought era coincided with Britain reasserting her naval dominance. For many years previously, Britain had taken naval supremacy for granted. Expensive naval projects were criticised by political leaders of all inclinations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> However, in 1888 a war scare with France and the build-up of the Russian navy gave added impetus to naval construction, and the British Naval Defence Act of 1889 laid down a new fleet including eight new battleships. The principle that Britain's navy should be more powerful than the two next most powerful fleets combined was established. This policy was designed to deter France and Russia from building more battleships, but both nations nevertheless expanded their fleets with more and better pre-dreadnoughts in the 1890s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th, the escalation in the building of battleships became an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> between Britain and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>. The German naval laws of 1890 and 1898 authorised a fleet of 38 battleships, a vital threat to the balance of naval power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Britain answered with further shipbuilding, but by the end of the pre-dreadnought era, British supremacy at sea had markedly weakened. In 1883, the United Kingdom had 38 battleships, twice as many as France and almost as many as the rest of the world put together. By 1897, Britain's lead was far smaller due to competition from France, Germany, and Russia, as well as the development of pre-dreadnought fleets in Italy, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-k209_23-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-k209-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Turkey, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> all had second-rate fleets led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruisers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship" title="Coastal defence ship">coastal defence ships</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_%28warship%29" title="Monitor (warship)">monitors</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Pre-dreadnoughts continued the technical innovations of the ironclad. Turrets, armor plate, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> were all improved over the years, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> tubes were introduced. A small number of designs, including the American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearsarge_class_battleship" title="Kearsarge class battleship"><i>Kearsarge</i></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_class_battleship" title="Virginia class battleship"><i>Virginia</i></a> classes, experimented with all or part of the 8-inch intermediate battery superimposed over the 12-inch primary. Results were poor: recoil factors and blast effects resulted in the 8-inch battery being completely unusable, and the inability to train the primary and intermediate armaments on different targets led to significant tactical limitations. Even though such innovative designs saved weight (a key reason for their inception), they proved too cumbersome in practice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Dreadnought_era">Dreadnought era</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></div>In 1906, the British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> launched the revolutionary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_%281906%29" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a>. Created as a result of pressure from Admiral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher" title="John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher">Sir John ("Jackie") Fisher</a>, HMS <i>Dreadnought</i> made existing battleships obsolete. Combining an "all-big-gun" armament of ten 12-inch (305 mm) guns with unprecedented speed and protection, she prompted navies worldwide to re-evaluate their battleship building programmes. While the Japanese had laid down an all-big-gun battleship, <i>Satsuma</i> in 1904,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> and the concept of an all-big-gun ship had been in circulation for several years, it had yet to be validated in combat. <i>Dreadnought</i> sparked a new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a>, principally between Britain and Germany but reflected worldwide, as the new class of warships became a crucial element of national power.<br />
Technical development continued rapidly through the dreadnought era, with step changes in armament, armor and propulsion. Ten years after <i>Dreadnought</i><span style="padding-left: 0.1em;">'</span>s commissioning, much more powerful ships, the super-dreadnoughts, were being built.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vittoriocuniberti001.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="288" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vittoriocuniberti001.jpg/170px-Vittoriocuniberti001.jpg" width="170" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vittoriocuniberti001.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Vittorio Cuniberti</div></div></div>In the first years of the 20th century, several navies worldwide experimented with the idea of a new type of battleship with a uniform armament of very heavy guns.<br />
Admiral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Cuniberti" title="Vittorio Cuniberti">Vittorio Cuniberti</a>, the Italian Navy's chief naval architect, articulated the concept of an all-big-gun battleship in 1903. When the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i> did not pursue his ideas, Cuniberti wrote an article in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s_Fighting_Ships" title="Jane's Fighting Ships"><i>Jane's</i></a> proposing an "ideal" future British battleship, a large armored warship of 17,000 tons, armed solely with a single calibre main battery (twelve 12-inch {305 mm} guns), carrying 300-millimetre (12 in) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">belt armor</a>, and capable of 24 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_%28unit%29" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (44 km/h).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> provided operational experience to validate the 'all-big-gun' concept. At the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea" title="Battle of the Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Tsushima</a>, pre-dreadnoughts exchanged volleys at ranges of 7,600–12,000 yd (7 to 11 km), beyond the range of the secondary batteries. It is often held that these engagements demonstrated the importance of the 12-inch (305 mm) gun over its smaller counterparts, though some historians take the view that secondary batteries were just as important as the larger weapons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In Japan, the two battleships of the 1903-4 Programme were the first to be laid down as all-big-gun designs, with eight 12-inch guns. However, the design had armor which was considered too thin, demanding a substantial redesign.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> The financial pressures of the Russo-Japanese War and the short supply of 12-inch guns which had to be imported from Britain meant these ships were completed with a mixed 10- and 12-inch armament. The 1903-4 design also retained traditional triple-expansion steam engines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IJN_Satsuma.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="112" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/IJN_Satsuma.jpg/220px-IJN_Satsuma.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IJN_Satsuma.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A preliminary design for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma" title="Japanese battleship Satsuma"><i>Satsuma</i></a> was an "all-big-gun" design.</div></div></div>As early as 1904, Jackie Fisher had been convinced of the need for fast, powerful ships with an all-big-gun armament. If Tsushima influenced his thinking, it was to persuade him of the need to standardise on 12-inch (305 mm) guns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Fisher's concerns were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> equipped with torpedoes, then threatening to outrange battleship guns, making speed imperative for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Fisher's preferred option was his brainchild, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruiser</a>: lightly armored but heavily armed with eight 12-inch guns and propelled to 25 knots (46 km/h) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbines</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
It was to prove this revolutionary technology that <i>Dreadnought</i> was designed in January 1905, laid down in October 1905 and sped to completion by 1906. She carried ten 12-inch guns, had an 11-inch armor belt, and was the first large ship powered by turbines. She mounted her guns in five turrets; three on the centerline (one forward, two aft) and two on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">wings</a>, giving her at her launch twice the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside" title="Broadside">broadside</a> of anything else afloat. She retained a number of 12-pound (3-inch, 76 mm) <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_ordnance_terms#QF" title="British ordnance terms">quick-firing</a> guns for use against destroyers and torpedo-boats. Her armor was heavy enough for her to go head-to-head with any other ship afloat in a gun battle, and conceivably win.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="140" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png/220px-HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_%281906%29" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a> (1906)</div></div></div><i>Dreadnought</i> was to have been followed by three <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_class_battlecruiser" title="Invincible class battlecruiser"><i>Invincible</i></a>-class <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruisers</a>, their construction delayed to allow lessons from <i>Dreadnought</i> to be used in their design. While Fisher may have intended <i>Dreadnought</i> to be the last Royal Navy battleship,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> the design was so successful he found little support for his plan to switch to a battlecruiser navy. Although there were some problems with the ship (the wing turrets had limited arcs of fire and strained the hull when firing a full broadside, and the top of the thickest armor belt lay below the waterline at full load), the Royal Navy promptly commissioned another six ships to a similar design in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerophon_class_battleship" title="Bellerophon class battleship"><i>Bellerophon</i></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent_class_battleship" title="St. Vincent class battleship"><i>St Vincent</i></a> classes.<br />
An American design, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_South_Carolina_%28BB-26%29" title="USS South Carolina (BB-26)"><i>South Carolina</i></a>, authorized in 1905 and laid down in December 1906, was another of the first dreadnoughts, but she and her sister, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Michigan_%28BB-27%29" title="USS Michigan (BB-27)"><i>Michigan</i></a>, were not launched until 1908. Both used triple-expansion engines and had a superior layout of the main battery, dispensing with <i>Dreadnought'</i>s wing turrets. They thus retained the same broadside, despite having two fewer guns.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Arms_race">Arms race</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_naval_arms_race" title="World War I naval arms race">World War I naval arms race</a></div>In 1897, before the revolution in design brought about by <i>HMS Dreadnought</i>, the Royal Navy had 62 battleships in commission or building, a lead of 26 over France and 50 over Germany.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-k209_23-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-k209-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1906, the Royal Navy owned the field with <i>Dreadnought</i>. The new class of ship prompted an arms race with major strategic consequences. Major naval powers raced to build their own dreadnoughts. Possession of modern battleships was not only vital to naval power, but also, as with nuclear weapons today, represented a nation's standing in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Austria, and the United States all began dreadnought programmes; and second-rank powers including Turkey, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Brazil, and Chile commissioned dreadnoughts to be built in British and American yards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="World_War_I">World War I</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare of World War I</a></div>The First World War was an anticlimax for the great dreadnought fleets. There was no decisive clash of modern battlefleets to compare with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a>. The role of battleships was marginal to the great land struggle in France and Russia; and it was equally marginal to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="First Battle of the Atlantic">First Battle of the Atlantic</a>, the battle between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">German submarines</a> and British merchant shipping.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 227px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hochseeflotte_1.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="130" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Hochseeflotte_1.jpg/225px-Hochseeflotte_1.jpg" width="225" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hochseeflotte_1.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a> during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 227px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280,_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n,_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg" width="225" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280,_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n,_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The sinking of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n" title="SMS Szent István">SMS Szent István</a>, after being torpedoed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Italian</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boats" title="Motor torpedo boats">motor boats</a>.</div></div></div>By virtue of geography, the Royal Navy could keep the German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a> bottled up in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>: only narrow channels led to the Atlantic Ocean and these were guarded by British forces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Both sides were aware that, because of the greater number of British dreadnoughts, a full fleet engagement would be likely to result in a British victory. The German strategy was therefore to try to provoke an engagement on their terms: either to induce a part of the Grand Fleet to enter battle alone, or to fight a pitched battle near the German coastline, where friendly minefields, torpedo-boats and submarines could be used to even the odds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The first two years of war saw conflict in the North Sea limited to skirmishes by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruisers</a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_%281914%29" title="Battle of Heligoland (1914)">Battle of Heligoland Bight</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_%281915%29" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)">Battle of Dogger Bank</a> and raids on the English coast. On May 31, 1916, a further attempt to draw British ships into battle on German terms resulted in a clash of the battlefleets in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> The German fleet withdrew to port at its earliest opportunity after two short encounters with the British fleet. This reinforced German determination never to engage in a fleet to fleet battle.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In the other naval theatres there were no decisive pitched battles. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, engagement between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turkish</a> battleships was restricted to skirmishes. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>, action was largely limited to the raiding of convoys, and the laying of defensive minefields; the only significant clash of battleship squadrons there was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moon_Sound" title="Battle of Moon Sound">Battle of Moon Sound</a> at which one Russian pre-dreadnought was lost. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> was in a sense the mirror of the North Sea: the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Austria–Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> dreadnought fleet remained bottled up by the British and French blockade. And in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, the most important use of battleships was in support of the amphibious assault on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The war illustrated the vulnerability of battleships to cheaper weapons. In September 1914, the potential threat posed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a> by German U-boats was confirmed by successful attacks on British cruisers, including the sinking of three British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruisers</a> by the German submarine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-9" title="SM U-9">U-9</a> in less than an hour. Sea mines proved a threat the next month, when the recently commissioned British super-dreadnought <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Audacious_%281912%29" title="HMS Audacious (1912)"><i>Audacious</i></a> struck a mine and sank. By the end of October, the British had changed their strategy and tactics in the North Sea to reduce the risk of U-boat attack.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> The German plan for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> relied on U-boat attacks on the British fleet; and the escape of the German fleet from the superior British firepower at Jutland was effected by the German cruisers and destroyers closing on British battleships, causing them to turn away to avoid the threat of torpedo attack.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Further near-misses from submarine attacks on battleships and casualties amongst cruisers led to growing concern in the Royal Navy about the vulnerability of battleships. By October 1916, the Royal Navy instructed the Grand Fleet not to go south of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farne_Islands" title="Farne Islands">Farne Islands</a> unless adequately protected by destroyers.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
The German High Seas Fleet, for their part, were determined not to engage the British without the assistance of submarines; and since the submarines were needed more for raiding commercial traffic, the fleet stayed in port for the remainder of the war.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Other theatres equally showed the role of small craft in damaging or destroying dreadnoughts: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n" title="SMS Szent István">SMS <i>Szent István</i></a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a> was sunk by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Italian</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boats" title="Motor torpedo boats">motor torpedo boats</a> in June 1918, while her sister ship, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Viribus_Unitis" title="SMS Viribus Unitis">SMS <i>Viribus Unitis</i></a> was sunk by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogmen</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> capital ships lost in Gallipoli were sunk by mines and torpedo,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> while a Turkish pre-dreadnought, <i>Messudieh</i> was caught in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> by a British submarine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Inter-war_period">Inter-war period</span></h2>For many years, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a> simply had no battleships. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_%28Compi%C3%A8gne%29" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">Armistice with Germany</a> required that most of the High Seas Fleet be disarmed and interned in a neutral port; largely because no neutral port could be found, the ships remained in British custody in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> specified that the ships should be handed over to the British. Instead, most of them were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a> by their German crews on 21 June 1919 just before the signature of the peace treaty. The treaty also limited the German Navy, and prevented Germany from building or possessing any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Nelson_%281931%29_profile_drawing.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HMS_Nelson_%281931%29_profile_drawing.png/220px-HMS_Nelson_%281931%29_profile_drawing.png" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Nelson_%281931%29_profile_drawing.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Profile drawing of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Nelson_%2828%29" title="HMS Nelson (28)">HMS <i>Nelson</i></a> commissioned 1927</div></div></div>The inter-war period saw the battleship subjected to strict international limitations to prevent a costly arms race breaking out.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
While the victors were not limited by the Treaty of Versailles, many of the major naval powers were crippled after the war. Faced with the prospect of a naval arms race against the United Kingdom and Japan, which would in turn have led to a possible Pacific war, the United States was keen to conclude the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> of 1922. This treaty limited the number and size of battleships that each major nation could possess, and required Britain to accept parity with the U.S. and to abandon the British alliance with Japan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> The Washington treaty was followed by a series of other naval treaties, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Naval_Conference" title="Geneva Naval Conference">First Geneva Naval Conference</a> (1927), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">First London Naval Treaty</a> (1930), the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Geneva_Naval_Conference" title="Second Geneva Naval Conference">Second Geneva Naval Conference</a> (1932), and finally the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">Second London Naval Treaty</a> (1936), which all set limits on major warships. These treaties became effectively obsolete on 1 September 1939 at the beginning of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but the ship classifications that had been agreed upon still apply.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> The treaty limitations meant that fewer new battleships were launched from 1919–1939 than from 1905–1914. The treaties also inhibited development by putting maximum limits on the weights of ships. Designs like the projected British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N3_class_battleship" title="N3 class battleship">N3 class battleship</a>, the first American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_class_battleship_%281920%29" title="South Dakota class battleship (1920)"><i>South Dakota</i>-class</a>, and the Japanese <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kii_class_battleship" title="Kii class battleship"><i>Kii</i>-class</a>—all of which continued the trend to larger ships with bigger guns and thicker armor—never got off the drawing board. Those designs which were commissioned during this period were referred to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_battleship" title="Treaty battleship">treaty battleships</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Rise_of_air_power">Rise of air power</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="121" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg/220px-Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Bombing tests which sank <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Ostfriesland" title="SMS Ostfriesland">SMS <i>Ostfriesland</i></a> (1909), September, 1921</div></div></div>As early as 1914, the British Admiral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Scott" title="Percy Scott">Percy Scott</a> predicted that battleships would soon be made irrelevant by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">aeroplanes</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> By the end of World War I, aeroplanes had successfully adopted the torpedo as a weapon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> A proposed attack on the German fleet at anchor in 1918 using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Cuckoo" title="Sopwith Cuckoo">Sopwith Cuckoo</a> carrier-borne torpedo-bomber was considered and rejected—but it was not long before such a technique was adopted.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
In the 1920s, General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell">Billy Mitchell</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a>, believing that air forces had rendered navies around the world obsolete, testified in front of Congress that "1,000 bombardment airplanes can be built and operated for about the price of one battleship" and that a squadron of these bombers could sink a battleship, making for more efficient use of government funds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> This infuriated the U.S. Navy, but Mitchell was nevertheless allowed to conduct a careful series of bombing tests alongside Navy and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine</a> bombers. In 1921, he bombed and sank numerous ships, including the "unsinkable" German World War I battleship <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Ostfriesland" title="SMS Ostfriesland"><i>Ostfriesland</i></a> and the American pre-dreadnought <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alabama_%28BB-8%29" title="USS Alabama (BB-8)"><i>Alabama</i></a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Although Mitchell had required "war-time conditions", the ships sunk were obsolete, stationary, defenseless and had no damage control. The sinking of <i>Ostfriesland</i> was accomplished by violating an agreement that would have allowed Navy engineers to examine the effects of various munitions: Mitchell's airmen disregarded the rules, and sank the ship within minutes in a coordinated attack. The stunt made headlines, and Mitchell declared, "No surface vessels can exist wherever air forces acting from land bases are able to attack them." While far from conclusive, Mitchell's test was significant because it put proponents of the battleship against naval aviation on the back foot.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Rear Admiral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Moffett" title="William A. Moffett">William A. Moffett</a> used public relations against Mitchell to make headway toward expansion of the U.S. Navy's nascent aircraft carrier program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rearmament">Rearmament</span></h3>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> extensively upgraded and modernized their World War I–era battleships during the 1930s. Among the new features were an increased tower height and stability for the optical rangefinder equipment (for gunnery control), more armor (especially around turrets) to protect against plunging fire and aerial bombing, and additional anti-aircraft weapons. Some British ships received a large block superstructure nicknamed the "Queen Anne's castle", such as in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_%281913%29" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)">Queen Elizabeth</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Warspite_%2803%29" title="HMS Warspite (03)">Warspite</a></i>, which would be used in the new conning towers of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V_class_battleship_%281939%29" title="King George V class battleship (1939)">King George V</a></i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">fast battleships</a>. External bulges were added to improve both buoyancy to counteract weight increase and provide underwater protection against mines and torpedoes. The Japanese rebuilt all of their battleships, plus their battlecruisers, with distinctive "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a>" structures, though the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Hiei" title="Japanese battleship Hiei"><i>Hiei</i></a> received a more modern bridge tower that would influence the new <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_class_battleship" title="Yamato class battleship">Yamato</a></i> battleships. Bulges were fitted, including steel tube array to improve both underwater and vertical protection along waterline. The U.S. experimented with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_mast" title="Lattice mast">cage masts</a> and later tripod masts, though after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> some of the most severely damaged ships such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_%28BB-48%29" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)"><i>West Virginia</i></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_%28BB-44%29" title="USS California (BB-44)"><i>California</i></a> were rebuilt to a similar appearance to their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_class_battleship" title="Iowa class battleship"><i>Iowa</i> class</a> contemporaries (called tower masts). Radar, which was effective beyond visual contact and was effective in complete darkness or adverse weather conditions, was introduced to supplement optical fire control.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Even when war threatened again in the late 1930s, battleship construction did not regain the level of importance which it had held in the years before World War I. The "building holiday" imposed by the naval treaties meant that the building capacity of dockyards worldwide was relatively reduced, and the strategic position had changed. The development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bomber</a> meant that the navy was no longer the only method of projecting power overseas, and the development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> meant that battleships had a rival for the resources available for capital ship construction.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2008">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, the ambitious <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Z" title="Plan Z">Plan Z</a> for naval rearmament was abandoned in favour of a strategy of submarine warfare supplemented by the use of battlecruisers and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_class_battleship" title="Bismarck class battleship"><i>Bismarck</i></a>-class battleships as commerce raiders. In Britain, the most pressing need was for air defenses and convoy escorts to safeguard the civilian population from bombing or starvation, and re-armament construction plans consisted of five ships of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V_class_battleship_%281939%29" title="King George V class battleship (1939)"><i>King George V</i></a> class. It was in the Mediterranean that navies remained most committed to battleship warfare. France intended to build six battleships of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque_class_battleship" title="Dunkerque class battleship"><i>Dunkerque</i></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richelieu_class_battleship" title="Richelieu class battleship"><i>Richelieu</i></a> classes, and the Italians two <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littorio_class_battleship" title="Littorio class battleship"><i>Littorio</i></a>-class ships. Neither navy built significant aircraft carriers. The U.S. preferred to spend limited funds on aircraft carriers until the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_class_battleship_%281939%29" title="South Dakota class battleship (1939)"><i>South Dakota</i></a> class. Japan, also prioritising aircraft carriers, nevertheless began work on three mammoth <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_class_battleship" title="Yamato class battleship"><i>Yamato</i></a>-class ships (although the third, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano"><i>Shinano</i></a>, was later completed as a carrier) and a planned fourth was cancelled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lenton_4-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Lenton-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
At the outbreak of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish</a> navy consisted of only two small dreadnought battleships, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_battleship_Alfonso_XIII" title="Spanish battleship Alfonso XIII">España</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_battleship_Jaime_I" title="Spanish battleship Jaime I">Jaime I</a>. <i>España</i> (originally named <i>Alfonso XIII</i>), by then in reserve at the northwestern naval base of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain" title="Ferrol, Spain">El Ferrol</a>, fell into <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_under_Franco" title="Spain under Franco">Nationalist</a> hands in July 1936. The crew aboard <i>Jaime I</i> murdered their officers, mutinied, and joined the Republican Navy. Thus each side had one battleship; however, the Republican Navy generally lacked experienced officers. The Spanish battleships mainly restricted themselves to mutual blockades, convoy escort duties, and shore bombardment, rarely in direct fighting against other surface units.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> In April 1937, <i>España</i> ran onto a mine laid by friendly forces, and sank with little loss of life. In May 1937, <i>Jaime I</i> was damaged by Nationalist air attacks and a grounding incident. The ship was forced to go back to port to be repaired. There she was again hit by several aerial bombs. It was then decided to tow the battleship to a more secure port, but during the transport she suffered an internal explosion that caused 300 deaths and her total loss. Several Italian and German capital ships participated in the non-intervention blockade. On 29 May 1937, two Republican aircraft managed to bomb the German pocket battleship <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Deutschland" title="German battleship Deutschland"><i>Deutschland</i></a> outside <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, causing severe damage and loss of life. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Admiral_Scheer" title="German battleship Admiral Scheer"><i>Admiral Scheer</i></a> retaliated two days later by bombarding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, causing much destruction, and the resulting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland_incident_%281937%29" title="Deutschland incident (1937)"><i>Deutschland</i> incident</a> meant the end of German and Italian support for non-intervention.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="World_War_II">World War II</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleships_in_World_War_II" title="Battleships in World War II">Battleships in World War II</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="176" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg/220px-USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)"><i>Pennsylvania</i></a> leading battleship <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Colorado_%28BB-45%29" title="USS Colorado (BB-45)"><i>Colorado</i></a> and cruisers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Louisville_%28CA-28%29" title="USS Louisville (CA-28)"><i>Louisville</i></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Portland_%28CA-33%29" title="USS Portland (CA-33)"><i>Portland</i></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Columbia_%28CL-56%29" title="USS Columbia (CL-56)"><i>Columbia</i></a> into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, January 1945</div></div></div>The German battleship <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Schleswig-Holstein" title="German battleship Schleswig-Holstein"><i>Schleswig-Holstein</i></a>—an obsolete <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a>—fired the first shots of World War II with the bombardment of the Polish garrison at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerplatte" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> and the final surrender of the Japanese Empire took place aboard a United States Navy battleship, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_%28BB-63%29" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)"><i>Missouri</i></a>. Between those two events, it had become clear that aircraft carriers were the new principal ships of the fleet and that battleships now performed a secondary role.<br />
Battleships played a part in major engagements in Atlantic, Pacific and Mediterranean theatres; in the Atlantic, the Germans used their battleships as independent commerce raiders. However, clashes between battleships were of little strategic importance. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic_%281939%E2%80%931945%29" title="Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)">Battle of the Atlantic</a> was fought between destroyers and submarines, and most of the decisive fleet clashes of the Pacific war were determined by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>.<br />
In the first year of the war, armored warships defied predictions that aircraft would dominate naval warfare. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Scharnhorst" title="German battleship Scharnhorst"><i>Scharnhorst</i></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Gneisenau" title="German battleship Gneisenau"><i>Gneisenau</i></a> surprised and sank the aircraft carrier <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Glorious" title="HMS Glorious"><i>Glorious</i></a> off western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> in June 1940.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> This engagement marked the last time a fleet carrier was sunk by surface gunnery. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a>, British battleships opened fire on the French battleships harboured in Algiers with their own heavy guns, and later pursued fleeing French ships with planes from aircraft carriers.<br />
The subsequent years of the war saw many demonstrations of the maturity of the aircraft carrier as a strategic naval weapon and its potential against battleships. The British air attack on the Italian naval base at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Taranto</a> sank one Italian battleship and damaged two more. The same <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish" title="Fairey Swordfish">Swordfish</a> torpedo bombers played a crucial role in sinking the German commerce-raider <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck"><i>Bismarck</i></a>.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamato_during_Trial_Service.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="132" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Yamato_during_Trial_Service.jpg/220px-Yamato_during_Trial_Service.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamato_during_Trial_Service.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato"><i>Yamato</i></a> (1940), seen in 1941, and her sister ship <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi"><i>Musashi</i></a> (1940) were the heaviest battleships in history.</div></div></div>On 7 December 1941 the Japanese launched a surprise <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. Within a short time five of eight U.S. battleships were sunk or sinking, with the rest damaged. The American aircraft carriers were out to sea, however, and evaded detection. They in turn would take up the fight, eventually turning the tide of the war in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">sinking of the British battleship <i>Prince of Wales</i></a> and her escort, the battlecruiser HMS <i>Repulse</i>, demonstrated the vulnerability of a battleship to air attack while at sea without sufficient air cover, finally settling the argument begun by Mitchell in 1921. Both warships were under way and enroute to attack the Japanese amphibious force that had invaded <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" title="Battle of Malaya">Malaya</a> when they were caught by Japanese land-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bombers</a> on 10 December 1941.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
At many of the early crucial battles of the Pacific, for instance <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a>, battleships were either absent or overshadowed as carriers launched wave after wave of planes into the attack at a range of hundreds of miles. In later battles in the Pacific, battleships primarily performed shore bombardment in support of amphibious landings and provided anti-aircraft defense as escort for the carriers. Even the largest battleships ever constructed, Japan's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_class_battleship" title="Yamato class battleship"><i>Yamato</i> class</a>, which carried a main battery of nine 18-inch (46 cm) guns and were designed as a principal strategic weapon, were never given a chance to show their potential in the decisive battleship action that figured in Japanese pre-war planning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The last battleship confrontation in history was the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait" title="Battle of Surigao Strait">Battle of Surigao Strait</a>, on October 25, 1944, in which the classic "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_T" title="Crossing the T">crossing the T</a>" tactic was employed for the last time to enable a superior American battleship group to decimate a lesser Japanese battleship group with concentration of fire directed by radar, however purists note that the early wave of torpedoes from American destroyers caused a crucial reduction in Japanese firepower, and those remaining lacked the ability to direct fire with radar. All but one of the American battleships in this confrontation had previously been sunk by the Attack on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> and subsequently raised and repaired. When <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mississippi" title="USS Mississippi"><i>Mississippi</i></a> fired the last salvo of this battle, the last<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2011">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> salvo fired by a battleship against another heavy ship, she was "firing a funeral salute to a finished era of naval warfare." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cold_War">Cold War</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg/220px-Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> Event Baker explosion</div></div></div>After World War II, several navies retained their existing battleships, but they were no longer strategically dominant military assets. Indeed, it soon became apparent that they were no longer worth the considerable cost of construction and maintenance and only one new battleship was commissioned after the war, HMS <i>Vanguard</i>. During the war it had been demonstrated that battleship-on-battleship engagements like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a> or the sinking of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hood_%2851%29" title="HMS Hood (51)"><i>Hood</i></a> were the exception and not the rule, and with the growing role of aircraft engagement ranges were becoming longer and longer, making heavy gun armament irrelevant. The armor of a battleship was equally irrelevant in the face of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear attack</a> as tactical missiles with a range of 100 kilometres (60 mi) or more could be mounted on the Soviet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildin_class_destroyer" title="Kildin class destroyer"><i>Kildin</i>-class</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey_class_submarine" title="Whiskey class submarine"><i>Whiskey</i>-class</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>. By the end of the 1950s, minor vessel classes which formerly offered no noteworthy opposition now were capable of eliminating battleships at will.<br />
The remaining battleships met a variety of ends. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arkansas_%28BB-33%29" title="USS Arkansas (BB-33)">USS <i>Arkansas</i></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato"><i>Nagato</i></a> were sunk during the testing of nuclear weapons in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> in 1946. Both battleships proved resistant to nuclear air burst but vulnerable to underwater nuclear explosions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> The Italian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_battleship_Giulio_Cesare" title="Italian battleship Giulio Cesare"><i>Giulio Cesare</i></a> was taken by the Soviets as reparations and renamed <i>Novorossiysk</i>; she was sunk by a German mine in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> on 29 October 1955. The two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Doria_class_battleship" title="Andrea Doria class battleship"><i>Andrea Doria</i> class</a> ships were scrapped in 1956.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> The French <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Lorraine" title="French battleship Lorraine"><i>Lorraine</i></a> was scrapped in 1954, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Richelieu" title="French battleship Richelieu"><i>Richelieu</i></a> in 1968,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Jean_Bart" title="French ship Jean Bart"><i>Jean Bart</i></a> in 1970.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom's four surviving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V_class_battleship_%281939%29" title="King George V class battleship (1939)"><i>King George V</i> class</a> ships were scrapped in 1957,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_%2823%29" title="HMS Vanguard (23)"><i>Vanguard</i></a> followed in 1960.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> All other surviving British battleships had been sold or broken up by 1949.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Petropavlovsk_%281911%29" title="Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (1911)"><i>Petropavlovsk</i></a></i> was scrapped in 1953, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Sevastopol_%281911%29" title="Russian battleship Sevastopol (1911)"><i>Sevastopol</i></a> in 1957 and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Gangut_%281911%29" title="Russian battleship Gangut (1911)"><i>Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya</i></a> (back under her original name, <i>Gangut</i>, since 1942)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fitzsimons_68-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Fitzsimons-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> in 1956-7.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fitzsimons_68-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Fitzsimons-68"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> Brazil's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes" title="Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes"><i>Minas Gerais</i></a> was scrapped in Genoa in 1953,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fitzsimons_2_69-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Fitzsimons_2-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> and her sister ship <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Brazilian battleship São Paulo"><i>São Paulo</i></a> sank during a storm in the Atlantic <i>en route</i> to the breakers in Italy in 1951.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fitzsimons_2_69-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Fitzsimons_2-69"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Argentina kept its two <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivadavia_class_battleship" title="Rivadavia class battleship"><i>Rivadavia</i> class</a> ships until 1956 and Chile kept <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Almirante_Latorre" title="Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre"><i>Almirante Latorre</i></a> (formerly HMS <i>Canada</i>) until 1959.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> battlecruiser <i>Yavuz</i> (formerly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Goeben" title="SMS Goeben"><i>Goeben</i></a>, launched in 1911) was scrapped in 1976 after an offer to sell her back to Germany was refused. Sweden had several small coastal-defense battleships, one of which, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gustav_V" title="HMS Gustav V"><i>Gustav V</i></a>, survived until 1970.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> The Soviets scrapped four large incomplete cruisers in the late 1950s, whilst plans to build a number of new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_class_battlecruiser" title="Stalingrad class battlecruiser"><i>Stalingrad</i>-class</a> battlecruisers were abandoned following the death of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in 1953.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> The three old German battleships <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Schleswig-Holstein" title="German battleship Schleswig-Holstein"><i>Schleswig-Holstein</i></a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Schlesien" title="German battleship Schlesien"><i>Schlesien</i></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Hessen" title="SMS Hessen"><i>Hessen</i></a> all met similar ends. <i>Hessen</i> was taken over by the Soviet Union and renamed <i>Tsel</i>. She was scrapped in 1960. <i>Schleswig-Holstein</i> was renamed <i>Borodino</i>, and was used as a target ship until 1960. <i>Schlesien</i>, too, was used as a target ship. She was broken up between 1952 and 1957.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG/220px-Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_%28BB-63%29" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS <i>Missouri</i></a> launches a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_missile" title="Tomahawk missile">Tomahawk missile</a> during <i>Operation Desert Storm</i>.</div></div></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_class_battleship" title="Iowa class battleship"><i>Iowa</i> class battleships</a> gained a new lease of life in the U.S. Navy as fire support ships. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> and computer-controlled gunfire could be aimed with pinpoint accuracy to target. The U.S. recommissioned all four <i>Iowa</i> class battleships for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_%28BB-62%29" title="USS New Jersey (BB-62)"><i>New Jersey</i></a> for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. These were primarily used for shore bombardment, <i>New Jersey</i> firing nearly 6,000 rounds of 16 inch shells and over 14,000 rounds of 5 inch projectiles during her tour on the gunline,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> seven times more rounds against shore targets in Vietnam than she had fired in the Second World War.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
As part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy Secretary</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Lehman" title="John F. Lehman">John F. Lehman</a>'s effort to build a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600-ship_Navy" title="600-ship Navy">600-ship Navy</a> in the 1980s, and in response to the commissioning of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_battlecruiser_Kirov" title="Soviet battlecruiser Kirov">Kirov</a></i> by the Soviet Union, the United States recommissioned all four <i>Iowa</i> class battleships. On several occasions, battleships were support ships in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_battle_group" title="Carrier battle group">carrier battle groups</a>, or led their own <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_battle_group" title="Battleship battle group">battleship battle group</a>. These were modernized to carry <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_missile" title="Tomahawk missile">Tomahawk missiles</a>, with <i>New Jersey</i> seeing action bombarding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in 1983 and 1984, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_%28BB-63%29" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)"><i>Missouri</i></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29" title="USS Wisconsin (BB-64)"><i>Wisconsin</i></a> fired their 16 inch (406 mm) guns at land targets and launched missiles during <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> in 1991. <i>Wisconsin</i> served as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-109_Tomahawk" title="BGM-109 Tomahawk">TLAM</a> strike commander for the Persian Gulf, directing the sequence of launches that marked the opening of <i>Desert Storm</i>, firing a total of 24 TLAMs during the first two days of the campaign. The primary threat to the battleships were Iraqi shore based surface-to-surface missiles; <i>Missouri</i> was targeted by two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_missile" title="Silkworm missile">Silkworm missiles</a>, with one missing and another being intercepted by the British destroyer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gloucester_%28D96%29" title="HMS Gloucester (D96)">HMS <i>Gloucester</i></a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
All four <i>Iowas</i> were decommissioned in the early 1990s, making them the last battleships to see active service. USS <i>Iowa</i> and USS <i>Wisconsin</i> were, until fiscal year 2006, maintained to a standard where they could be rapidly returned to service as fire support vessels, pending the development of a superior fire support vessel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Marine Corps believes that the current naval surface fire support gun and missile programs will not be able to provide adequate fire support for an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious assault</a> or onshore operations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_times">Modern times</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="211" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg/220px-USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>The American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Texas_%28BB-35%29" title="USS Texas (BB-35)"><i>Texas</i></a> (1912) is the only preserved example of a Dreadnought-type battleship that dates to the time of the original HMS <i>Dreadnought</i>.</div></div></div>With the decommissioning of the last <i>Iowa</i>-class ships, no battleships remain in service (including in reserve) with any navy worldwide. A number are preserved as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_ship" title="Museum ship">museum ships</a>, either afloat or in drydock. The U.S. has a large number of battleships on display: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Massachusetts_%28BB-59%29" title="USS Massachusetts (BB-59)">USS <i>Massachusetts</i></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_North_Carolina_%28BB-55%29" title="USS North Carolina (BB-55)"><i>North Carolina</i></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alabama_%28BB-60%29" title="USS Alabama (BB-60)"><i>Alabama</i></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_%28BB-62%29" title="USS New Jersey (BB-62)"><i>New Jersey</i></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_%28BB-64%29" title="USS Wisconsin (BB-64)"><i>Wisconsin</i></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_%28BB-63%29" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)"><i>Missouri</i></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Texas_%28BB-35%29" title="USS Texas (BB-35)"><i>Texas</i></a>. <i>Missouri</i> and <i>New Jersey</i> are now museums at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden, New Jersey</a>, respectively. <i>Wisconsin</i> was removed from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register" title="Naval Vessel Register">Naval Vessel Register</a> in 2006 and now serves as a museum ship in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Texas</i>, the first battleship turned into a museum, is on display at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_Battleground_State_Historic_Site" title="San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site">San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site</a>, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>. <i>North Carolina</i> is on display in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>. The only other 20th Century battleship on display is the Japanese pre-Dreadnought <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa" title="Japanese battleship Mikasa"><i>Mikasa</i></a>.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_strategy_and_doctrine">In strategy and doctrine</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Doctrine">Doctrine</span></h3>Battleships were the embodiment of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_power" title="Sea power">sea power</a>. For <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a> and his followers, a strong navy was vital to the success of a nation, and control of the seas was vital for the projection of force on land and overseas. Mahan's theory, proposed in 1890's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Influence_of_Sea_Power_upon_History" title="The Influence of Sea Power upon History"><i>The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783</i></a>, dictated the role of the battleship was to sweep the enemy from the seas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> While the work of escorting, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockading</a>, and raiding might be done by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> or smaller vessels, the presence of the battleship was a potential threat to any convoy escorted by any vessels other than capital ships. (This concept came to be known as a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">fleet in being</a>".) Mahan went on to say victory could only be achieved by engagements between battleships,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> (which came to be known as the "decisive battle" doctrine in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">some navies</a>), while <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_course" title="Guerre de course">guerre de course</a></i> (developed by the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeune_%C3%89cole" title="Jeune École">Jeune École</a></i>) could never succeed.<br />
Mahan was highly influential in naval and political circles throughout the age of the battleship,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> calling for a large fleet of the most powerful battleships possible. Mahan's work developed in the late 1880s, and by the end of the 1890s it had a massive international impact,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> in the end adopted by many major navies (notably the British, American, German, and Japanese). The strength of Mahanian opinion was important in the development of the battleships arms races, and equally important in the agreement of the Powers to limit battleship numbers in the interwar era.<br />
The "fleet in being" suggested battleships could simply by their existence tie down superior enemy resources. This in turn was believed to be able to tip the balance of a conflict even without a battle. This suggested even for inferior naval powers a battleship fleet could have important strategic impact.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tactics">Tactics</span></h3>While the role of battleships in both World Wars reflected Mahanian doctrine, the details of battleship deployment were more complex. Unlike the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ship of the line</a>, the battleships of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had significant vulnerability to torpedoes and mines, weapons which could be used by relatively small and inexpensive craft. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeune_%C3%89cole" title="Jeune École">Jeune École</a> school of thought of the 1870s and 1880s recommended the placing of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a> alongside battleships; the boats would hide behind the battleships until gun-smoke obscured visibility enough for them to dart out and fire their torpedoes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> While this concept was vitiated by the development of smokeless propellant, the threat from more capable torpedo craft (later including submarines) remained. By the 1890s the Royal Navy had developed the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, small ships designed to intercept and drive off any attacking torpedo boats. During the First World War and subsequently, battleships were rarely deployed without a protective screen of destroyers.<br />
Battleship doctrine emphasised the concentration of the battlegroup. In order for this concentrated force to be able to bring its power to bear on a reluctant opponent (or to avoid an encounter with a stronger enemy fleet), battlefleets needed some means of locating enemy ships beyond horizon range. This was provided by scouting forces; at various stages <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruisers" title="Battlecruisers">battlecruisers</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruisers" title="Cruisers">cruisers</a>, destroyers, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a>, submarines and aircraft were all used. (With the development of radio, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">direction finding</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a> would come into play, as well, so even shore stations, broadly speaking, joined the battlegroup.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup>) So for most of their history, battleships operated surrounded by squadrons of destroyers and cruisers. The North Sea campaign of the First World War illustrates how, despite this support, the threat of mine and torpedo attack, and the failure to integrate or appreciate the capabilities of new techniques,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> seriously inhibited the operations of the Royal Navy Grand Fleet, the greatest battleship fleet of its time.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Strategic_and_diplomatic_impact">Strategic and diplomatic impact</span></h3>The presence of battleships had a great psychological and diplomatic impact. Similar to possessing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> today, the ownership of battleships served to enhance a nation's force projection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Even during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the psychological impact of a battleship was significant. In 1946, USS <i>Missouri</i> was dispatched to deliver the remains of the ambassador from Turkey, and her presence in Turkish and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> waters staved off a possible Soviet thrust into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> In September 1983, when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> militia in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>'s Shouf Mountains fired upon U.S. Marine peacekeepers, the arrival of USS <i>New Jersey</i> stopped the firing. Gunfire from <i>New Jersey</i> later killed militia leaders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Value_for_money">Value for money</span></h3>Battleships were the largest and most complex, and hence the most expensive warships of their time; as a result, the value of investment in battleships has always been contested. As the French politician Etienne Lamy wrote in 1879, "The construction of battleships is so costly, their effectiveness so uncertain and of such short duration, that the enterprise of creating an armored fleet seems to leave fruitless the perseverance of a people".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeune_%C3%89cole" title="Jeune École">Jeune École</a></i> school of thought of the 1870s and 1880s sought alternatives to the crippling expense and debatable utility of a conventional battlefleet. It proposed what would nowadays be termed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_denial" title="Sea denial">sea denial</a> strategy, based on fast, long-ranged cruisers for commerce raiding and torpedo boat flotillas to attack enemy ships attempting to blockade French ports. The ideas of the <i>Jeune Ecole</i> were ahead of their time; it was not until the 20th century that efficient mines, torpedoes, submarines, and aircraft were available that allowed similar ideas to be effectively implemented.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The determination of powers such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> to build battlefleets with which to confront much stronger rivals has been criticised by historians, who emphasise the futility of investment in a battlefleet which has no chance of matching its opponent in an actual battle.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship#cite_note-Sondhaus-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> According to this view, attempts by a weaker navy to compete head-to-head with a stronger one in battleship construction simply wasted resources which could have been better invested in attacking the enemy's points of weakness. In Germany's case, the British dependence on massive imports of food and raw materials proved to be a near-fatal weakness, once Germany had accepted the political risk of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> against commercial shipping. Although the U-boat offensive in 1917–18 was ultimately defeated, it was successful in causing huge material loss and forcing the Allies to divert vast resources into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a>. This success, though not ultimately decisive, was nevertheless in sharp contrast to the inability of the German battlefleet to challenge the supremacy of Britain's far stronger fleet.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2722433869777511943.post-20542956572330442472011-08-28T08:20:00.000-07:002011-08-29T20:52:38.637-07:00ARMAMENT SUBMARINE<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Live Scale Dive Technology</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> Basically, there are two ways to submerge a boat: <i>dynamic </i>diving and <i>static</i> diving. Many model submarines use the dynamic method while static diving is used by all military submarines. Dynamic diving boats are submarines that inherently float that is, they always have a positive buoyancy. This type of boat is made to dive by using the speed of the boat in combination with the dive planes to force the boat under water. This is very similar to the way airplanes fly. Static diving submarines dive by changing the buoyancy of the boat itself by letting water into ballast tanks. The buoyancy is thereby changed from positive to negative and the boats starts sinking. These boats do not require speed to dive hence this method is called static diving.</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Modern military submarines dive use a combination of dynamic and static diving. The boat submerges by filling the main ballast tanks with water. After that, the buoyancy is accurately adjusted with the trim tanks. Once underwater, the depth of the boat is controlled with the hydroplanes.</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">In the following, the dive methods are treated in detail. We will start with static diving because this is more important for real submarines.</span> <br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Static"></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Static Diving</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> The buoyancy of a submarine can be changed by letting water into the main ballast tanks (MBT). The MBT's can be located in three different ways: (a) inside the pressure hull, (b) outside the pressure hull as additional tanks, and (c) in between the outer hull and the pressure hull. Figure 1 shows the three possible configurations. Drawback of having the MBT inside the pressure hull is obvious: it takes up space that could otherwise be used for equipment, weapons or personnel. This MBT arrangement was used in the WW-I boats and other early submarines. The classical example of a boat with MBT's outside the pressure hull is the German Type VIIC but also American and Dutch submarines in WW-II used this design. Due to the location of the MTB's, they are called saddle tanks. Most modern military submarines use the space in-between the inner pressure hull and the outer hull as MBT.</span> <br />
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<center><img height="205" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/hulls.gif" width="481" /></center> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 1: Different locations of the main ballast tank.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">There are two different ways the MBT's can be emptied and filled. These methods will be referred to as the the western (USA, UK) method and the Russian method. Please note that the 'Russian' method is not exclusively Russian because it was also used by for example the Dutch triple hull Dolfijn class boats. Figure 3 depicts the both methods, the left hand side of the pictures shows the USA/US method, the right hand side the Russian method. When surfaced, the MBT are entirely filled with air and the main vent valves on top of the MBT are closed. In the USA/UK boats the flood opening at the bottom of the MBT always remains open. Water is prevented to enter the MBT because the air in the MBT is pressurized, at about 10 PSI. In the Russian boats, the bottom flood opening is closed with a valve, a so called Kingston. Because the Kingston prevents water entering, air in the MBT can be at approximately atmospheric pressure. To dive the boat, the vent valves on top of the ballast tanks are opened to let air escape the MBT. Because in the USA/UK boats the air is pressurized, the air roars out of the vents, resulting in a large spray of water, see Figure 2.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><br />
<center><img align="ABSBOTTOM" height="162" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/blowing.jpg" width="200" /></center> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><i>Figure 2: An Ohio class submarine venting the forward ballast tanks</i>.</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">In the Russian technology, the Kingstons at the bottom of the MBT also have additionally to be opened in order to let water enter the MBT. It is claimed that because the air in the USA/UK boats is pressurized (more gas in the MBT and larger friction in the vent valves) the Russian MBT is flooded more quickly.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 500px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="278" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/flood.gif" width="500" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 3: Flooding of the main ballast tanks.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">To surface the boat, the water in the MBT's is forced out by pressurized air. When the boat is deeply submerged, the water is forced out using high pressure air to overcome the water pressure. Once the boat is near the surface, the blowing of the MBT's proceeds with low pressure air. Once at the surface, the Russian boats close the Kingston valve and then opens the main vent valve briefly to equalize the air pressure in the MBT with that of the atmosphere. In the USA/UK boats, the main vent valve remains shut to keep the air in the MBT under pressure. The pressure inside the tanks remains equal to that of the low pressure air system.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 500px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="297" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/blow.gif" width="500" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 4: Blowing of the main ballast tanks.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <img align="LEFT" height="280" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/dive_animation03.gif" width="139" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 5 shows the location of the MBT's in a modern diesel electric submarine. The bulk of the MBT's are located at the bow and aft sections of the boat and a small MBT surrounds the pressure hull in the center of the boat. A large portion of the space between the pressure hull and the outer hull is occupied by the fuel tanks. It is important to note that the MBT is only used to change the buoyancy of the boat from <i>very</i> positive (the boat is surfaced) to <i>slightly</i> positive (the boat is <i>just</i> still on the surface, <i>decks awash</i> this is called). The optimal rig for a submerged boat is neutral buoyancy: the boat neither floats <i>nor</i> sinks. This situation is accomplished by the use of the main trim tanks (MTT) located in the center of the boat. Once the MBT is full of water, the MTT is carefully filled with water until a neutral buoyancy is obtained. For a submarine with a given weight, the amount of water required inside the MTT depends on for example the salt content and the temperature of the surrounding water. Maintaining neutral buoyancy in a submarine is a continuous procedure. For example the diesel engines consume fuel and the personnel eats food so that the total weight of the boat steadily decreases during a mission. This means that while progressing with the mission, the amount of water in the MTT has to be increased to maintain neutral buoyancy.</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Also the density of the surrounding water plays an important role. A well known example is the downstream area of a river where fresh and salt water mix leading to a different density than in the open sea. If a submarine enters such a region, the trim has to be adjusted. For military submarines an obvious action that changes the buoyancy of the boat is the launch of a torpedo. For this purpose, military submarines have a special ballast tank located in the vicinity of the torpedo room to compensate for the weight loss of the torpedo. Usually the water level in the MTT is adjusted using high pressure pumps rather than high pressure air because the latter makes much more noise. Some of the MTT tanks can however be emptied using pressurized air to get a quick blow in case of an emergency. Once a neutral buoyancy is obtained with the MTT's, the depth of the boat can be changed using the speed of the boat and the angle of the dive planes. This is thus dynamic diving, see below.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 500px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="150" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/U-boot_tanks.gif" width="600" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 5: Location of the different tanks in a modern diesel electric boat. Picture adapted from Gabler (1987).</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">At neutral buoyancy conditions, it is also important that the submarine maintains a horizontal angle. For this purpose the submarine is equipped with two sets of trim tanks located in the bow and aft section of the boat. Both fore and aft trim tanks are connected with a line so that water can be pumped back and forth to obtain the required horizontal angle of the boat. Further note that in the military submarine of Figure 5 a large section of the boat is free flooded. With the use of the free flooding sections, the overall size of the ballast tanks can be kept to a minimum.</span> <br />
<a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/tech01.html#Contents"><br />
</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Dynamic"></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Dynamic Diving</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> Once the boat is trimmed to more or less neutral buoyancy, the depth of the boat is controlled with the hydroplanes. To use the hydroplanes the boat requires speed to create a force on the tilted planes. At slow speeds, the fore hydroplanes are exclusively used to keep the boat at the required depth. The fore planes can be located on the hull near the bow or on the sail of the boat. Because bow mounted hydroplanes are located further from the center of gravity, the depth control is more accurate with these types. Arguments for locating the fore planes on the finn of the boat are (a) improved performance of the spherical sonar array in the bow because the fore hydroplanes generate noise and (b) bow mounted hydroplanes can be damaged during docking of the submarine. Penalties for placing the fore planes on the fin are (a) the operating gear takes up space in the fin where room badly is needed for the masts, (b) the ice breaking performance is decreased, (c) at periscope depth the planes are close to the surface so their performance is adversely affected by the surface turbulence and finally (d) the hydroplanes are closer to the center of gravity and are thus less effective. Note that while improving the Los Angeles class submarine (688I) the US Navy relocated the fore planes from the sail to the bow. At sufficiently high submerged speed (more than 12 knots), the fore planes are no longer needed to control the depth of the submarine. At these speeds, they are rotated in a neutral or slightly dive position. Because the fore planes generate noise, many submarines are capable of retracting the forward bow planes at high speeds. All this considering, we may conclude that (retractable) bow planes are more favorable. It may be added that the author is not aware of boats having <i>both</i> dive planes on the bow <i>and</i> on the sail.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="129" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/plane_animation03.gif" width="400" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 6: Location of the dive planes and their angles during the dive of Figure 7.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 7 shows how the fore and aft dive planes are used during a dive. At the start of the dive the aft plane is rotated upwards so that the stern of the boat is forced upwards. The fore hydroplanes are rotated downwards thus forcing the bow of the boat down. During the dive the aft hydro planes are moved to the neutral position and the dive angle is controlled with the fore hydroplanes only. Close to the the required depth, the aft planes are rotated down and the fore planes up to level off the boat. At slow speeds the depth of the boat is maintained by the fore planes only. During the first dive, the water level in the main trim tanks is adjusted to obtain a neutral buoyancy so that the required depth can be maintained with a nearly horizontal position of the hydroplanes.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 500px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="134" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/dive.gif" width="600" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 7: Angle of the dive planes during a drive.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Aft"></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Aft Hydroplanes</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> Figure 8 shows the positioning of the aft hydroplanes as used by military submarines. Type A is the configuration applied by many modern military submarines. The hydroplanes are located in front of the screw. Note that the rudder blades are of different size. The bottom plane is smaller than the top one so that the boat can be put on the bottom of the sea (<i>bottoming</i>). Types B and C have the hydroplanes behind the screw. This is a configuration used by older submarines. The hydroplanes behind the screw are still used by the double screw Russian Tango and India class boats. The arrangement of D has the rudder behind the screw but has the dive planes in front of it. This type of arrangement was used for the German 205 and 206 class boats. Type E has the hydroplanes tilted 45 degrees, the so called X-tail configuration. No distinction between the rudder and the dive planes can be made. To steer and dive the boat, all of the four hydroplanes are used. In old submarines each set of hydroplanes, fore dive, aft dive and rudder, were operated by a separate person that manually turned a control wheel to the desired angle. It is obvious that an X-tail can only be operated by electronics or computer control. Because all four planes are used for both horizontal and vertical movement, the control of the boat is more subtle. Due to the 45 degrees tilting of the hydroplanes, bottoming is made possible without having to decrease the size of the lower dive planes. The X-tail configuration is used by the Dutch Walrus (Figure 9), the Swedish Vatergotland and the Australian Type 471.</span> <br />
<a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/tech01.html#Contents"><img height="20" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/index02.gif" width="40" /></a> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 500px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="131" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/rudders.gif" width="650" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 8: Positioning of the aft hydroplanes for single screw boats. (side, aft and top view).</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
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<center><img height="200" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/walrus_X_tail.gif" width="173" /></center> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 9: X-tail configuration of the Dutch Walrus Class, picture from Miller (1990).</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Model Submarine Dive"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Model Submarine Dive Technology</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> In the previous sections, the dive technology of real submarines was explained. It was shown that the bulk buoyancy of the boat is changed with the MBT followed by fine tuning with the MTT and finally the correct depth is maintained using the hydroplanes. Of course the ultimate model submarine should operate in exactly manner. Due to the small scale however, application of the real submarine technology is not always possible. In the following, some of the available model diving technologies will be treated.</span> <br />
<a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/tech01.html#Contents"><br />
</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Dynamic Diving"></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Dynamic Diving Technology</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> The fully dynamic diving boats are the most simple model submarines available. These boats have an inherent positive buoyancy which means that they will float back to the surface if control is lost. This is a major advantage for model submarines. Two German model manufacturers sell dynamic diving submarines: <a href="http://www.robbe.de/">Robbe</a> The Seawolf (not the real one) and the U-47 (a Type VII-C boat) and <a href="http://www.graupner.de/">Graupner</a> sells the Shark. On the internet <a href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jean.darley/inventoruk/">Charles Darley</a> has an excellent web site showing the building of a fully dynamic submarine. To get a positive buoyant boat under water, the force on the hydroplanes has to overcome the upward force of the floating boat. This requires a combination of sufficient speed or sufficiently large hydroplanes. Of course the closer the boat is rigged towards neutral buoyancy the smaller the required downward force of the hydroplanes. Figure 10 shows the angle of the dive planes to keep a positive buoyant sub under water. At low speed both planes have a downward angle. The aft hydroplanes are needed to prevent the stern of the bow rising above the surface. Just like for the real boats, at sufficiently high speeds the aft hydro plane can be moved to a neutral position and depth control can be maintained with the fore plane only.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 140px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="74" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/submerged_dynamic.gif" width="300" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 10: Angle of the dive planes, left low speed, right high speed..</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">In general, the force on a hydroplane can approximately be calculated from the following equation:</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1"><tbody>
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<center><table><tbody>
<tr> <td><i>F = C A sin(<span style="font-family: Symbol;">a</span>) 0.5 <span style="font-family: Symbol;">r</span> v<sup>2</sup></i></td> <td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><i>F</i> : Force on hydroplane (kg)</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><i>C</i> : Friction coefficient (C = 0.1)</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><i>A</i> : Area of hydroplane (m<sup>2</sup>)</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><i>v</i> : Velocity of boat (m/s)</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><i>r</i> : </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">density of water ( </span><span style="font-family: Symbol;">r </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">= 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>)</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><i>a</i> : </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">angle of hydroplane (deg)</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Equation 1: Force acting on a hydroplane.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">For example, if we would have a model submarine with square hydroplanes of dimension 5 x 5 cm, this leads to an area of the individual hydroplane of <i>A</i> = 2.5 10<sup>-3</sup> m<sup>2</sup>. With a boat traveling at a speed of 10 km/h (<i>v</i> = 2.78 m/s) and a hydroplane down angle of </span><i><span style="font-family: Symbol;">a</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> = 30 degrees, the down force on the hydroplane is about half a kilogram. Since the boat has two forward dive planes the nett down force would be close to a kilogram. This means that the positive buoyancy of the boat can also be allowed to be a kilogram. However, at lower speeds than 10 km/h or at hydroplane angles less than 30 degrees, we will not able to submerge such a boat! Equation 1 can be used to design the size of the hydroplanes or the allowable positive buoyancy for a given hydroplane size. Please note that the value of the friction coefficient <i>C</i> is dependent on the design of the hydroplane, <i>C</i>=01 is the maximum value. In updates of this page more accurate values of the friction coefficient <i>C</i> will be given. Generally, for fully dynamic diving models one would want the boat rigged close to neutral buoyancy. That is, the <i>decks awash</i> situation. In that case, the boat can be submerged at low speeds with a realistic size of the dive planes. However if the boat is already close to neutral buoyancy, the surface running is not very realistic. To obtain realistic surface and submerged operation ballast tanks are needed.</span> <br />
<a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/tech01.html#Contents"><br />
</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Static Diving"></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Static Diving Technology</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> In real submarines, MBT's are filled by venting the air inside the tanks and are emptied by blowing compressed air in to them. For model submarines a number of alternative methods are available.</span> <br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Vented ballast"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Vented ballast tank</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> The vented tank (Figure 11) can be used to decrease the buoyancy of the boat from positive to slightly positive (decks awash). If the flood valve is opened, the air can escape through the vent and water fills the tank. The tank can be emptied by pumping water out of the tank while air is sucked back into the tank through the vent. Note that in order for this system to work, the top of the vent line must be above the water level. That is why the vented tank cannot be used to give the boat neutral or negative buoyancy. With a filled tank the boat can dive using the hydroplanes. Note that if a bi-directional pump is used, the flood valve is not needed. To prevent water getting in to the ballast tank when running submerged, the diameter of the vent line should be kept small. Please note that the vented ballast tank is not very convenient as a ballast system.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 140px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="195" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/balast01.gif" width="346" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 11: Vented ballast tank.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Flexible ballast"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Flexible ballast tank</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> The flexible tank (Figure 12) consists of a rubber balloon placed inside a rigid tank. To flood the tank, the valve is opened and water is pumped into the tank. The valve is closed to prevent water getting out once the tank is flooded. The air originally present in the rigid tank is vented into the pressure hull of the boat. This will lead to an increase of the pressure inside the hull. If the volume of the ballast tank is not to large compared to the air volume inside the pressure hull this is not a problem. Note that the inside of the submarine is usually packed with equipment so the air volume is certainly not equal to the hull volume.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 140px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="186" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/balast03.gif" width="346" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 12: Flexible ballast tank.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.wsepp.de/uboote.htm">Wilhelm Sepp</a>, builder of a model of the Nautilus, used an inflatable toy ball as flexible tank, see Figure 13. The ball is filled and emptied by a Robbe gear pump. The tilted section of the wooden panel is connected to a micro switch and rests on the balloon. Once the balloon is completely filled the micro switch closes so that the power to the pump is cut off and the balloon cannot be filled beyond its capacity.</span> <br />
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<tr> <td><br />
<center><table cols="2"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="145" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/Pumpe1a.jpg" width="198" /></td> <td><img height="145" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/Pumpe2a.jpg" width="198" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 13: Flexible tank, empty and full, by <a href="http://www.wsepp.de/uboote.htm">Wilhelm Sepp.</a></span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Pressure ballast"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Pressure ballast tank</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> The pressure ballast tank (Figure 14) consists of a sealed ballast tank capable of with standing a significant pressure increase (5 bar or so). To flood the tank water is pumped into the tank with a high pressure water pump. Because the air in the ballast tank cannot escape the air is compressed. To empty the tank, the water pump pumps the water out of the tanks again. Note that because the pressure build-up inside the ballast tank it can never be completely filled. Assuming a maximum pressure of 5 bar inside the tank, about 80 percent of the volume of the ballast tank can be used.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 140px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="186" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/balast04.gif" width="346" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 14: Pressure ballast tank.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">On the internet, the company <a href="http://www.rcboats.com/">SubTech</a> sells a special T-valve that can be fitted on the ballast tank. This T-valve releases air into the boat when the tanks is filled and lets air into the tank if the tank is emptied. In that way, the ballast tank does not have to withstand high pressure. In my opinion a drawback of this system is that the ballast tank is connected to the interior of the boat. When the tank overflows, the water ends up inside the pressure hull containing the electronic RC equipment. A maximum water level detector that cuts the power to the pump can prevent this.</span> <br />
<a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/tech01.html#Contents"><br />
</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Piston ballast"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Piston ballast tank</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> The piston ballast tank (Figure 15) consists cylinder and a movable piston, just like a giant syringe. The piston can be moved with a thread, a cogwheel and a small motor. The outer end of the cylinder is directly connected to the surrounding water. In the piston ballast tank no air is present. Just like the flexible tank the pressure inside the boat increased if the piston tank is filled with water. If the position of the cylinder is measured, for example with a linear potentiometer connected to the thread, the buoyancy of the boat can very accurately be adjusted. Due to the large stroke of the piston, these types of ballast tanks are mostly fitted horizontally, like in Figure 12. This means that during filling of the tank with water the axial center of gravity of the boat is affected. For example if the boat is balanced to run horizontally with a full ballast tank, the angle of the boat is no longer zero with an empty tank. This drawback can be overcome by using two piston tanks in the aft and bow section of the boat.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 140px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="189" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/balast05.gif" width="334" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 15: Piston ballast tank.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The piston tank can be purchased from <a href="http://modelluboot.de/">Norbert Bruggen</a>, see Figure 16. In this system, a small electric motor drives the piston in the plastic cylinder. Two micro switches interrupt the current to the motor if the piston is in either fully retracted or fully deployed.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 140px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="154" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/Ballast_tank_norbert.jpg" width="350" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 16: Piston ballast tank by Norbert Bruggen.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Membrane ballast"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Membrane ballast tank</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> The membrane ballast tank (Figure 17) is a simplified version of the piston tank. It consists of a rigid disk that can be moved up and down with a thread connected to a motor, just like the piston tank. The disk is connected to the cylinder via a flexible rubber membrane. When the disk is retraced, water is allowed into the boat. A nice aspect of the membrane ballast tank is that the water tight sealing is very easy. As long as the rubber membrane is properly attached to both disk and tank, leaking is not possible. In a piston tanks the sealing between the piston and the cylinder is quite critical. Drawback of the membrane tank is that the stroke of the piston is not very large so the change in buoyancy of the submarine is not very large. To make optimal use of the membrane tank, the diameter of the cylinder should be rather large compared to its height. The system is however ideal for small, or micro, model submarines. <a href="http://www.mikromodell.de/">Thorson Feuchter</a> has a nice collection of boats based on this principle.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 140px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="190" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/balast08.gif" width="343" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 17: Membrane ballast tank.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Bellow ballast"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Bellow ballast tank</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> The bellow ballast tank (Figure 18) is a variation on the membrane ballast tank. Instead of a flat membrane a rubber bellow is used. This has the advantage that the stroke of the disk is increased so that more water can be taken into the boat. Rubber bellows of sufficient diameter, 5 to 10 cm or so, can be found in car parts shops. In cars they are for example used to seal off moving parts of the steering equipment. Under pressure, the zig-zag wall of the membrane may pop out, resulting in a sudden increase of the ballast volume (and sinking of the sub). To prevent this, it is recommended to fit the bellow inside a cylinder.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 140px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="187" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/balast09.gif" width="337" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 18: Bellow ballast tank.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Gas operated ballast"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Gas operated ballast tank</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> The liquid gas system (Figure 19) consists of a storage cylinder with pressurized gas, a ballast tank and two valves. This system resembles the ballast system of a real submarine very closely. To flood the tank, the valve in the vent line is opened and water is allowed into the tank via the opening in the bottom. If the required volume of water is taken in, the vent valve is closed. The tank can be emptied by forcing pressurized gas into the tank by opening the blow valve. If we want the model boat to be able to blow the ballast tank a number of times, the stored amount of gas should be sufficient. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an option because cylinders with this gas are relatively cheap and readily available from Paint ball shops. In paint ball, cylinders of 50 to 500 gram are commonly used. If CO2 cylinders are used a reduction valve to bring back the pressure to about 2-3 bar is necessary. CO2 cylinders are also used in model Warships, an excellent web site giving information on CO2 cylinders is <a href="http://www.pittelli.com/warship/cp-op/co2.html">R/C Warship</a>.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 140px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="189" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/balast06.gif" width="334" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 19: Gas operated ballast tank.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 200px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img align="ABSBOTTOM" height="106" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/14oz_tank.jpg" width="350" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><i>Figure 20: A CO2 cylinder (14 oz)</i>.</span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">An interesting alternative to CO2 is the use liquefied gas, for example canisters used for air brushing (propane), canisters used to clean photo equipment or electronics called 'dust-off' (dimethylether/tetrafluorethane) or propell (tetrafluorethane). Because these gases are stored as a liquid, the amount of gas that can be stored is quite large. It is also very easy to refill the gas tank in the submarine form a larger stock cylinder. With CO2 do it your self refilling is not that easy so that spare cylinders have to be taken to the lake. An additional advantage of liquid gas is that the pressure inside the storage vessel is about 3 to 4 bar so there is no need for a pressure reduction vale. A very serious draw back of these gases is its flammability. If the storage vessel leaks an explosive mixture may form inside the pressure hull of the boat. The sparks of the electric motor are sufficient to detonate it! The only real safe liquid gas is tetrafluorethane. The dust-off product contains about 20 percent of the flammable dimethylether and is potentially hazardous.</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">In the gas ballast system the electric valves used in the gas line (the blow valves) can be standard solenoid valves used in laboratory equipment. To prevent draining of the batteries, valves that are normally closed should be used. Using CO2 with a pressure reduction valve or liquid gas, the pressure at which they remain closed should be about 5 bars. Miniature solenoid valves can be obtained from <a href="http://www.clippard.be/index.html">Clippard</a>.</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The vent valves that let air out of the ballast tank to submerged the boat are different. The pressure difference between the air in the tank and that of the ambient air is only a couple of cm water. Therefore the opening of the vent valve should be quite large to let our air at a sufficient flow rate to get a realistic dive. Because the pressure difference is also quite small when the vent valve is closed, and thus the boat is submerged, we can make these valves ourselves. Note that many of the above-mentioned solenoid valves have an opening of less than 1 mm and do usually not like water getting in to it, these types of valves are not very suited.</span> <br />
<a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/tech01.html#Contents"><br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Compressed air ballast"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Compressed air ballast tank</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> The ballast tank system that uses compressed air is identical the one used in real submarines. This system is similar to the gas operated ballast tank but in this case the gas bottle is replaced by a cylinder that is filled with a compressor. Small compressors can be found in car accessories shops. They sell small 12 volt compressors that are intended to inflate car tires. These compressors are capable of compressing air to about 6 to 8 bar. These pressures are high enough to be careful with the storage cylinder. It is smarter to buy a commercial cylinder or use a empty CO2 cylinder than to make one by your self. The pressure is however relatively low pressure if you consider the amount of gas that can be stored. If we would assume that the compressed air cylinder is half the size of the MBT, we can only blow the MBT two to three times. This is not much compared to CO2 or liquid gas systems. In general, boats with on board air compressors refill the air supply each time they run on the surface after a dive. Special care should be taken to prevent water being sucked into the compressor. To prevent this, the air intake should be fitted with a valve that closes if the boat is submerged.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 140px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><img height="190" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/balast07.gif" width="334" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 21: Gas operated ballast tank.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The use of a gas compressor is applied in a boat made by Harry Grapperhaus. Two cylinders of 0.75 liter and 0.1 liter are filled with the compressor to about 6 bars. The main ballast tanks is about 3 liters so that with a full air cylinder only <i>one</i> blow of the MBT is possible. Harry uses the MBT also to control the trim of the boat. For this purpose the MBT is fitted will a total of 6 solenoid valves. Two valves are used for the controlled blowing of the MBT. These valves are connected to the air 0.75 liter cylinder via a pressure reduction valve (2.5 bar). By using two blow valves, the air flow rate can be more or less be regulated. One solenoid valve is directly connected to the 6 bar small cylinder of 0.1 liter. This valve is used for quick blowing of the MBT.</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The venting of the MBT is controlled by three solenoid valves so that the air flow rate can be adjusted in three steps. To get a realistic dive of the model all three valves are opened simultaneously. Once close to neutral buoyancy, only one valve is used to regulate the depth of the model. In the model of Harry Grapperhaus, the MBT always remains partly filled.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
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<center><img height="188" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/valves_harry.jpg" width="250" /></center> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 22: Arrangement of the valves in the boat of <a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/harry/harry.html">Harry Grapperhaus</a>.</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Note on gas ballast"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Note on gas ballast tanks</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> Remember the distinction made between the Russian and US/UK boats in section <a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/tech01.html#Static">Static Diving</a>? The Russian boats use a valve, the Kingston, to seal the bottom opening of the ballast tank to prevent water entering. The US/UK boats keep the ballast tank under pressure to prevent water entering. The designs of Figure 19 and 21 do not have a Kingston valve. In one only uses a gas ballast tank to adjust the buoyancy of the boat, one can run in to trouble. Let us assume that the ballast tank is halfway filled with water to get the boat at neutral buoyancy and the boat is at a depth of 1 meter. At 1 meter below the surface the pressure of the surrounding water is 0.1 bar as a result the pressure of the gas inside the ballast tanks is also at 0.1 bar. If we would move this boat upwards, the water pressure will <i>decrease</i> resulting in an expansion of the gas in the ballast tank. The expanding gas will force water out of the ballast tank so that the boat gets lighter and will rise even more. On the other hand, if we would move the neutral buoyancy boat downward, the gas in the tank is compressed and more water gets in to the ballast tank. This will sink the boat. We may conclude that boats with a partially filled gas ballast tank are inherently unstable. For model boats this may not be a problem as long as the depth of the boat is controlled by the hydroplanes. Stable depth control at zero velocity is however not possible. Of course if the boat is fitted with Kingston valves water cannot enter the ballast tank and the problem is solved. The author is not aware of any model boats equipped with Kingstons. A different way to get a stable depth control is to use the MBT either completely full or completely empty. The trim of the boat is obtained with separate trim tanks. This is the hybrid ballast system, see below.</span> <br />
<a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/tech01.html#Contents"><br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Hybrid Ballast"></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Hybrid Ballast Systems</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> Just like real submarines use main ballast tanks (MBT) to submerge and main trim tanks (MTT) to rig the boat for neutral buoyancy, the ideal submarine should operated likewise. A nice example of such a boat is the one made by Ralf Diederich. This boat has a compressed air system as MBT. The air cylinder has a volume of 1.2 liters and is filled by two compressors to 6 bar. The tank is filled by two compressors to reduce the filling time.</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><br />
<center><img height="200" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/2_compressors.jpg" width="247" /></center> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 23: Two compressors in <a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/Ula/Ula.html">Ralf Diederich'</a>s boat. </span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">This results in a stored gas volume of 7.2 liters. The MBT has a volume of 3.7 liters. This means that with a full compressed air cylinder only <i>just</i> two full blows of the MBT are possible. The exact buoyancy of the boat <i>and</i> the horizontal trim is controlled by two piston tanks located in the bow and the stern section of the submarine. The model boat is prepared for operation as follows. First the both piston tanks are emptied. Then the main ballast tank is flooded completely. The boat will sink to some extent but will still float on the surface. Then the both piston trim tanks are carefully flooded. The pistons inside the trim tanks are moved using two proportional channels of the radio transmitter. The water level in the trim tanks is adjusted in such a way that the boat is kept horizontal. The trim of the boat is completed once only the top of the sail is above the water level and the boat has a horizontal angle. Since in this condition the boat has a nearly neutral buoyancy, the depth of the boat can be adjusted using the dive planes even at a very low speed. When RC operating the submarine, the trim of the piston tanks is left unaffected and the depth of the boat is only controlled by blowing or emptying the MBT's and by using the dive planes once the boat is submerged. This is pretty much the same way real submarines operate!</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><br />
<center><img height="200" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/compress_piston_ula.jpg" width="385" /></center> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 24: Two compressors and one piston tank in the aft section of <a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/Ula/Ula.html">Ralf Diederich</a>'s boat. </span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Do not think hybrid ballast systems are a recent invention of model submariners. Figure 25 shows a submarine desing by George Garrett in 1878. The boat has a main ballast tank (A). Water from the ballast tank can be removed with a piston pump (B) and the tank can be flooded with the vent valve (C). The trim of the boat is made with a piston ballast tank (D).</span> <br />
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<center><table border="1" cols="1" style="width: 400px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><br />
<center><img height="245" src="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/garrett_small.jpg" width="500" /></center> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Figure 25: Design by George Garrett, 1878. [<a href="http://www.heiszwolf.com/subs/tech/tech01.html#Literature">Compton-Hall, 1999</a>].</span></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></center> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247" name="Conclusions"></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Conclusions</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> For model submarines, a number of different ballast tanks systems were identified. These types can roughly be grouped into three different ways of operation: (a) mechanical attenuated systems (piston, membrane, bellow), (b) pump systems (flexible tank, pressure tank) and gas operated (CO2, liquid gas and pressurized air). The mechanical attenuated tanks are ones that control the buoyancy in the most accurate way but they are rather slow. Pump systems are relatively easy to construct because they use few parts. The gas operated tanks are the most complex systems but are very similar to the live scale submarine technology. With gas systems the blowing of the MBT can be carried out very fast, in fact even an emergency blow can be carried out! An accurate and realistic model boat can be constructed using a mix of these ballast systems.</span> <br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Glossary</span></b> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">MBT: Main Ballast Tank</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">MTT: Main Trim Tanks</span><br />
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<b><span class="b w xsm">[PDF]</span></b> <span class="tl"><h3 class="r"><a class="l" href="http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/publications/3442/DSTO-TR-1622.pdf">Some Aspects of <em>Submarine Design</em> Part 1. Hydrodynamics</a></h3><h3 class="r"><span class="b w xsm">[PDF]</span> <span class="tl"></span></h3><h3 class="r"><a class="l" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA470163">Some Aspects of <em>Submarine Design</em> Part 2. Shape of a Submarine <b>...</b></a></h3></span> <br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2722433869777511943&postID=2054295657233044247#submarine"></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com